Wednesday, October 30, 2019
International Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1
International Law - Research Paper Example n written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation" (Article 2 [I] a) the convection also recognizes that any state has the power to conclude treaties. With the globalization of various operations and increased international activities and concerns, the treaties are have become indispensable and more useful than ever. Basically, states’ motivation is founded on the idea that the treaties create an international framework of laws and rules upon which the international actors, particularly the states and related agencies, may operate with efficiency and orderliness. Treaties are equivalence of international or multinational contract, in which the concerned international subjects get to merge their wills for common good. Since a treaty will be regulating a subject of interest or significance to a member state, or because they regulate a subject that affects the state interest, a member state will often have an interest in ensuring that the treaty in question is enforced. Moreover, treaties serve the role of creating international mechanisms and institutions that enforce or help enforcing the interactional law. The enforcement quality of international law has often been cited as a major weakness of international law. Through treaties, the contracting states come together to agree on how their obligations and rights, as well as those of their citizens and agencies may be enforced. A good example to this effect are The Rome Statute and the Statute of ICJ, which have facilitated creation of international judicial institutions (courts and tribunals) through which various recognized international players may enforce their rights and obligations under the international law. Apart from creating legal rights and obligations for the states that are bound by the treaties, the treaties also create a moral obligation on the states to fulfill
Monday, October 28, 2019
Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2007 Essay Example for Free
Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2007 Essay A. Problem Summary â€Å"Richard, you will end up in prison or as a millionaire†. These are the words of the headmaster of Stowe, a private boarding school Branson dropped out at 17. His success started by publishing a magazine called Student, then he moved on to mail order records. This is where the Virgin Group started. Richard Branson has developed his brand in a large variety of markets. The over-familiarity of the Virgin brand has caused the consumers to not take the brand in a serious manner. One might argue that he stretched his brand too thin. This lack of focus and over-diversification could result in further over investments in projects that do not hold a steady future. In this paper we will brake down the strategic of sense of apparent entrepreneurial chaos. We will address topics such as key resources, dominant logic, characteristics of markets that conform to this logic, and designing a corporate strategy and structure. B. Analysis †¢ Key Resources o Virgin Brand The Virgin name is the group’s most important asset. The group is involved in a variety of different business ranging from airlines, books, jewelry to limousines. The Virgin Brand strives for value for money, good quality, brilliant customer service, innovation, competitively challenging and fun. The customers receive these attributes in a variety of ways. This is the brand’s competitive advantage. o Branson Branson’s eccentric personality, laid-back look and charisma are the essence of the Virgin brand. Branson embodied the spirit of â€Å"New Britain†to his generation because of his image and entrepreneurial spirit. Branson acted as a magnet for potential entrepreneurs; his brand actively encouraged the creating of fresh business ideas to its development office in London, Sidney and New York. Branson’s opposition to corporate offices led him to conduct business from family homes, houseboats, and vacation homes. His image exuded a carefree approach to exploring new ventures. Branson was impressed by the Japanese approach to business. Their long-term development and focus on organic growth were the key points Branson admired. His networking skills started a very young age. His first team was comprised of childhood friend Nik Powell, and affluent individuals such as Simon Draper and Mike Oldfield. Key management of the Virgin Group is the informal relations between Branson and a small core of long-term associates who form the senior management team of the group. Branson considers cash flow and capital value as important performance indicators, rather than concentrating in accounting profits. His tendency to avoid short-term taxable profits makes his approach ideal, concentrating in long-term capital growth instead. †¢ Dominant Logic The ability of the Virgin Group to operate effectively with so little structure or management systems owes much to the group’s unique organizational culture. This is defined almost entirely by Branson’s management style. His style reflects his sense of fun, disrespect for hierarchy and formal authority, commitment to employees and consumers and belief in hard work and individual responsibility. †¢ Characteristics of Markets that Conform to this Logic o Consumer Branson wanted to offer consumers a â€Å"new deal†by continually being on the lookout for business opportunities. Branson did so by involving venture with direct sales to consumers and passing on the cost savings from bypassing traditional distribution channels. o Dominant Incumbent Branson’s Virgin Travel is the dominant incumbent Virgin brand company. Post 2002 recovery in the airline industry, Virgin Travel was able to turn the largest profit of the Virgin Groups. o High Entry Barriers to Other Start-ups The airline and galactic companies both involve high entry barriers and significant start up costs. In addition to costs, Branson also had to negotiate with governments in order to receive approval. o Branson/Virgin Image Appeals to Customers Branson believed in multiple companies interlocking through managerial and equity linkages in a collaborative network. He accomplished this by having small companies combined and believes â€Å"small is beautiful†with strength through unity. Branson is a strong advocate of sticking it to the large corporations. †¢ Designing a Corporate Strategy and Structure o Business Model Virgin Group is built upon the theory of creating an entrepreneurial incubator and diversifying the corporation as much as possible. Branson does not want his best people to leave the company and start their own ventures. Instead, he prefers to develop them into millionaires within. The company is focused on diversifying into many markets. Some of these markets include travel, jewelry, entertainment, records, and mobile. His corporate strategy is focused on cash flow and capital value. He wants to increase his company’s real value and a long-term cash generation potential. He does not care about his accounting profit. o Type of Structure The Virgin Group is structured as if they are 150 small companies. Each one stands on its own two feet, as if they are their own companies. Employees have a stake in their success. They feel they are crucial to their individual company because they are one-in-fifty or one-in a hundred instead of one-in-tens-of-thousands. All of the companies are under the Virgin umbrella, but none of them are looked at, as simply a subsidiary. C. Alternatives As for the scope for New Approaches to Customer Service, Branson wants to create value for the customers entering with a new anti-establishment attitude, which sought to offer customers a better alternative. Branson hoped to bring a breath of fresh air. Virgin’s brilliant customer service approach strived to be â€Å"friendly, human, and relaxed; professional but not corporate†. According to the financial results of select Virgin Companies from 2004 to 2006. Virgin Retail Limited had a negative net profit in 2004. This branch of Virgin could be looked at to potentially divest. In order to maintain the Virgin name a success. Branson may look to consolidate some of his different brands in the future. With the threat of Britain’s capital gains tax laws, this could eliminate the advantages of multiple off shore companies, which Branson is involved in. D. Recommendation We feel the best alternative for Branson and his Virgin Brand would be to look into divesting out of some markets and focusing more on a smaller scale. Richard should look into investing more into the companies that are performing well and stray from unprofitable, high-risk markets. If Branson looks at the financial standpoint of his companies and possibly divest in the poor performing ones, he could potentially be more successful. Overall, Branson has been mostly successful in his quest for Virgin dominance. There is some room for improvement in Branson’s strategies; however, he is going to do what Branson wants to do. And this strategy has obviously been successful thus far.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Survival (on The Book Night) :: essays research papers
The book Night is about the holocaust as experienced by Elie Weisel from inside the concentration camps. During World War II millions of innocent Jews were taken from their homes to concentration camps, resulting in the deaths of 6 million people. There were many methods of survival for the prisoners of the holocaust during World War II. In the book Night, there were three main modes of survival, faith, family, and food. From the examples in the book Night, faith proved to be the most successful in helping people survive the holocaust. Â Â Â Â Â While obtaining food seemed to be the entire purpose of life for the people imprisoned in the camps, it often killed more people than it saved. Though focusing on food seemed like a logical thing to do when you are being starved, it was not always very effective in helping people survive. There are many situations in the book illustrating how living for the sole purpose of acquiring food—under any condition—could turn out to be lethal. Elie wrote of one time, during an air raid, when two half-full cauldrons of soup were left unguarded in a path. Despite their hunger, the prisoners were too frightened for their lives to even touch the cauldrons. One brave man dragged himself to the cauldrons intending to drink some of the forbidden soup. Before he could so much as take a small taste of the soup, he was shot, and he fell to the ground, dead. In Night, Elie recalled him as a 'Poor hero, committing suicide for a ration of soup'; (Weisel, 56). Later in the story, there is yet another example of how food could kill. While the prisoners were in cattle cars, being moved to a different camp, a worker in one of the towns they passed through threw a piece of bread into one of the cars, and watched as they literally killed for just a mouthful. Through that experience, Elie witnessed a man kill his own father for a few meager crumbs of bread, only then to see that man be killed moments later for the same small portion of bread. 'Men threw themselves on top of each other, stamping on each other, tearing at each other. Wild beasts of prey, with animal hatred in their eyes; an extraordinary vitality had seized then, sharpening their teeth and nails'; (Weisel, 95). Clearly, food as a method survival wasn't a particularly effective way to stay alive.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Panic Disorder Essay -- essays research papers fc
I. Introduction A.     Panic disorder brings on the fastest and most complex changes known in the human body. B.     My purpose today is to inform you on panic disorder. C.     It concerns you because 1/3 of all Americans have a panic attack by the time they’re adults, and 3 out of 4 don’t receive the treatment they need. D.     Today I will discuss†¦ 1.     Facts about panic disorder 2.     Symptoms 3.     Causes and risk factors 4.     Treatments II. Body A.     Facts about panic disorder 1.     Mimics some medical conditions causing years of misdiagnosis. Almost everyone who panics believes they have a serious physical illness and goes to 10 or more doctors until they are finally diagnosed. 2.     7.2% of all adults or 1 in 15 have panic disorder. 3.     1/3 of all Americans have at least one panic attack,  ¾ being women. 4.     It’s the most common emotional disorder, more common than alcohol abuse or depression. 5.     Often leads to other complications (i.e.: phobias, depression, and even suicide. ) a.     1 out of every 5 untreated sufferers attempt to end their life, never knowing there was treatment. 6.     Violent poisons or traumatic injuries have less effect on the body than a panic attack does. B.     Symptoms 1.     Panic attack- reaches maximum intensity within a minute or two of beginning and diminish slowly over 10 minutes to as long as several hours and occur as much as several times a day to several times a month and can occur in harmless situations and in a lot of cases, wakening you from sleep. a.     Raging heartbeat b.     Difficulty breathing, feeling as though you can’t get enough air c.     Dizziness, lightheadedness, or nausea d.     Trembling, sweating, shaking e.     Choking, chest pains f.     Hot flashes or sudden chills g. &nb... ...ately in the first day or two of treatment. (Ex: Xanaz, Ativan, and Klonopin.) III. Conclusion A.     Today I have informed you on. a.     Important facts about panic disorder b.     Many of the symptoms c.     Causes and risk factors d.     Treatments B.     Today my purpose was to inform you on panic disorder and explain to you that 3 out of 4 people with Panic disorder are never treated. C.     Thank you for your time. Bibliography American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Mental Help Net- Information- Symptoms- Panic Disorder. Available: http://mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=568. (5/3/02). Anxiety and Panic Hub. (1998-2002). Anxiety and Panic Hub- anxiety attacks, panic attacks. Available: http://www.paems.com.au/about/anxdis/dissociation.html. (4/30/02). Anxiety/Panic Attack Resource Site. (1997-2002). Understanding Panic Disorder. Available: www.anxietypanic.com. (4/28/02). GlaxoSmithKline. (1997-2002). Paxil- Your Life Is Waiting. Available: http://www.paxil.com/. (4/27/02).
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Explain Each of the Terms Essay
Explain Each of the Terms: Speech, Language, Communication and Speech Language and Communication Needs. Explain each of the terms speech, language, communication, speech, language and communication needs. EYMP5 (1. 1) The dictionary explanation of speech is â€Å"The expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds†or â€Å"A person’s style of speaking†To speak is to physically be able to produce the individual sounds and sound patterns of our language, or articulate, to be able to produce speech with appropriate rhythm, and free of stuttering behaviour, and to produce speech with an appropriate vocal quality for age and sex. While speech involves the physical motor ability to talk, language is a symbolic, rule governed system used to convey a message. In English, the symbols can be words, either spoken or written. We also have gestural symbols, like shrugging our shoulders to indicate â€Å"I don’t know†or waving to indicate â€Å"Bye Bye†or the raising of our eye brows to show that we are surprised by something. Language can be defined as being made up of socially shared rules that include the following: †¢What words mean (e. g. , â€Å"star†can refer to a bright object in the night sky or a celebrity) †¢How to make new words (e. g. , friend, friendly, unfriendly) †¢How to put words together (e. g. , â€Å"Peg walked to the new store†rather than â€Å"Peg walk store new†) What word combinations are best in what situations (â€Å"Would you mind moving your foot? could quickly change to â€Å"Get off my foot, please! †if the first request did not produce results) You can have language without having speech. Though speech and language are related, you do not have to have speech to have a language. How? The best example of this is the use of Sign Language. Communication is the process of conveying a message or meaning to establish a shared understanding to others. You don’t need speech or a shared language to communicate. How? Let’s say you decide on a trip to Rome, but you don’t speak one word of Italian. You get off your plane, and you want to pick up your†¦ [continues]
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Free Essays on Jordanian
A Jordanian-born college student held for three months in connection with the investigation of the September 11 attacks was released Thursday after posting $500,000 bail on charges he lied to a federal grand jury. Osama Awadallah, 21, a permanent U.S. resident who has lived in San Diego for three years, left a federal courthouse with his attorney without commenting. Attorney Jesse Berman said his client had nothing to do with the September 11 attacks. Prosecutors say Awadallah acknowledged before a grand jury he knew two of the men who hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and steered it into the Pentagon. According to the indictment, Awadallah's name was also on a scrap of paper found in the car Pentagon hijacker Nawaf Al Hazmi abandoned at Washington Dulles International Airport. The indictment also says Awadallah admitted knowing Khalid Almidhar, another of the Flight 77 hijackers. Leaving court Thursday, Berman said his client was tortured while jailed at Manhattan's Metropolitan Correctional Center. He said Awadallah was kicked and beaten and forced to look at an American flag. He said his cell was flooded so he could not say his Muslim prayers. "We've detailed in our motion papers the torture he's been put through the past three months," Berman said. Awadallah's family helped raise his bail with the support of the Muslim community in San Diego. His brother put up his 1971 Ford ice cream truck as collateral. Awadallah, wearing a blue warm-up suit when he left court, was to fly to San Diego Friday morning to be with his family for the end of the Muslim holy month Ramadan. Awadallah was indicted in October on charges he made false statements to a federal grand jury in New York hearing evidence in the investigation of the attacks. In testimony October 10, Awadallah conceded seeing Al Hazmi about 35 to 40 times in he San Diego area between April 2000 and January 2001 at Awadallah's previous wo... Free Essays on Jordanian Free Essays on Jordanian A Jordanian-born college student held for three months in connection with the investigation of the September 11 attacks was released Thursday after posting $500,000 bail on charges he lied to a federal grand jury. Osama Awadallah, 21, a permanent U.S. resident who has lived in San Diego for three years, left a federal courthouse with his attorney without commenting. Attorney Jesse Berman said his client had nothing to do with the September 11 attacks. Prosecutors say Awadallah acknowledged before a grand jury he knew two of the men who hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and steered it into the Pentagon. According to the indictment, Awadallah's name was also on a scrap of paper found in the car Pentagon hijacker Nawaf Al Hazmi abandoned at Washington Dulles International Airport. The indictment also says Awadallah admitted knowing Khalid Almidhar, another of the Flight 77 hijackers. Leaving court Thursday, Berman said his client was tortured while jailed at Manhattan's Metropolitan Correctional Center. He said Awadallah was kicked and beaten and forced to look at an American flag. He said his cell was flooded so he could not say his Muslim prayers. "We've detailed in our motion papers the torture he's been put through the past three months," Berman said. Awadallah's family helped raise his bail with the support of the Muslim community in San Diego. His brother put up his 1971 Ford ice cream truck as collateral. Awadallah, wearing a blue warm-up suit when he left court, was to fly to San Diego Friday morning to be with his family for the end of the Muslim holy month Ramadan. Awadallah was indicted in October on charges he made false statements to a federal grand jury in New York hearing evidence in the investigation of the attacks. In testimony October 10, Awadallah conceded seeing Al Hazmi about 35 to 40 times in he San Diego area between April 2000 and January 2001 at Awadallah's previous wo...
Monday, October 21, 2019
The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Essays
The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Essays The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Paper The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Paper Computers have and will continue to revolutionise every part of our day-to-day living. The use of ICT has made great improvement to our living. The use of ICT has made great improvements to be lives, and has done a lot of good for mankind. However, the use ICT regardless of its advantages also has its down sides. In this report, I am going to discuss some of the positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications. Social aspects are those effects that are made upon society, and how people behave and act towards each other. Moral issues arte those, which concern right and wrong. Economic issues are linked with employment and money. Finally legal aspects are those to do with the law. The social issues consist of:- 1. (information risk) and (information poor) Not every one is able to afford a computer. A two tie society could be created because of this people who are computer literate and those who are unable to exploit the technology. 2. The internet changing how we react More people are shopping online and are communicating via email making people lazy. Internet communication may make people lose their personal communication sills. 3. over reliance on technology People rely too much on computers for the smooth running of society. 4. impact on literacy People spend more time on the computer games and the consequences less time for reading and improving literacy skills. Educations concentration may drop. 5. Swiftness of life The pace of life is increasing by the use of computers. Computers are changing and may people are adapting to the way of the internet thinking. The main moral issues are: 1. unrestricted internet areas Children access sites without parental control. There is little control on what can be downloaded or posted on the internet. 2. computers are replacing people at work People are losing their jobs because the computers are machineries do their jobs. 3. easy to copy files copying computer files is very easy. The use of computers has a great effect on people all around the world. Email is a cheap and fast to be sent to whom you want around the world. Videoconferences can be held because this increasing technology. This digital communication is used through satellite and telephone capable. The use of television and cable is also used through satellite. Now internet can be accessed through phone and via text, images and videos can be sent in seconds. The legal aspect of ICT The increasing use of ICT and its effects many new laws have had to be made. Some of which are listed below:- The data protection Act 1998 This presents the data themes with its right. It contains 8 rules which are as follows: Personal data must be used for lawfully purpose All personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. The data must be pertinent, significant, and less for the purpose. Should be exact Data must be safe in the right of the data subject matters Data must not go out to any countries out of the European economic. If the law is not abided on then the person would be faced with a consequence such as paying a fine. Computer misuse Act 1990 Due to the misuse of ICT such as hacking, fraud and viruses, the law was introduced in 1990 called computer misuse act 1990, this made three things illegal which are as followed: Illegal hacking, this includes things that you are not allowed to look legally. The started that if this rule was broken then the person would get a fine of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 and a six month imprisonment. If someone gained computer materials illegally, then the consequence for breaking this rule is that the person gets an unlimited fine and imprisonment, the maximum years for imprisonment is up to five years. The copyright Design and patience act 1989 This law states that it is illegal to copy files without authorization from the copyright holder. The law can be broken in three ways Downloading text and images from the internet, by not saying where you got them from. Using software without the licence. Copying a program which you use at work and then you use that same program at home with out asking the copyright holder for permission. The person who does this they are breaking the law and the person would get an unlimited fine. The regulations of investigatory power Act 2000 This law is about converting computer uses at work for health and safety (Display Screen Equipment) regulations 1992. This law says that the employer needs to do 5 things: Analyse workstations, and access to reduce risk for the employers need to check that computer equipment is safe and if it is not they have to make it straight. Ensure workstations meet minimum requirements: this includes working computer chairs and good lighting. Planning work so there are changes of activities: employers should not expect there employers to work on the computers all day they should give them breaks. They have to provide free eye tests to all the staff members, who regularly use VDU (Visual Display Units) as part of their job. Provide health and safety training and information: so employers would know some kind of action themselves to reduce the health risks. The economic aspects of ICT Many jobs have been lost thought this revolution of computers and machines. These jobs are mostly last through the car industry because they have switched from manual labour to computer-controlled machines, to construct their cars. The government faces unemployment because of machines, which have taken over thought computerised systems. However, the government helps people find jobs. The internet is an open door to trading EBay is one of the fastest growing ways of selling at home. The social economic issues in regards to using ICT in interactive travel agencies: Social aspects: People may fear that there personal information would be hacked into. People might become too reliable on using the travel agency on the net, which it may result in them losing their confidence of actually asking directly about flight in the travel agencies. No appointment is needed to use the online travel bookings. People may feel more free and comfortable on using the travel agent system as there is no time limit where it can be used. People may not know how to use computers so they will not fell comfortable. Moral aspects: Some people may feel that this system is available to children and they may get access to some particular things which parents may feel uncomfortable with. The travel agency system may be a popularity of travel agencies.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Liberal mind set essays
Liberal mind set essays The Liberal mind, or lack there of is obsessed with gaining, controling and keeping power over the populace of the United States through clever, but all too obvious means in the name of " Gun Control" "Government health care" "free perscription drugs" and so forth. They love freedom (for them and their kind only) and hate most other people so vilely, that it seeps out of their voices at every turn, but they are " the champions of human rights"..Just a few things to think about. When was the last time you heard a Republican tout about " the people need protection from themselves" or " Government Regulations will save you". A larger, more controling Government is NOT the answer to ANYTHING, this country is made by the people, for the people and run by the people. Some people feel that the issue of Freedom of Choice is a Constitutionally given right, is it? the right to MURDER an innocent, unborn baby because the mother doesnt want to deal with it? think about this: Abortion means: No formal charges, no trial, no judge, no jury, no appeal: instant exectution. Liberals would scream to the high heavens , and rightly so if this was done to a criminal, but they scream even more when someone trys to prevent them from doing this to a baby, how screwed up is that? Dont fall for their liberal games, their lies and double talk, for you will quickly loose touch with yourself, your kind, decient soul. ...
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Learning Styles Comparison Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Learning Styles Comparison - Coursework Example According to the Indiana University website, there exists three major learning styles which are visual, auditory and kinesthetic (Indiana University, 2008). The three major styles are discussed in the list below. Learners who use this style of learning heavily rely on their sense of sight. They learn optimally by looking at information presented in a visual form such as graphs, pictures, charts, maps, colors and other forms of diagrams. They are able to make meaningful conclusions from these diagrams. They also good in recalling information from documentaries, movies or motion pictures. Commonly, visual learners are easily distracted if they listen while looking at pictures or diagrams. They also easily recall things that were written down thus taking notes is a great aid to their learning (Indiana University, 2008). This learning style heavily utilizes a learner’s listening ability. Learners are able to understand and easily recall things that they were told or explained to by others. Auditory learners understand better if a set of instructions is read out to them rather than reading them by themselves. They are also better in reading and understanding body language from other individuals they interact with. If they want to internalize information, they can do this easily by reciting the information. Commonly, auditory learners have talents in music and they easily differentiate voices and noises of different things. This learning style heavily relies on the sense of touch as it involves a more practical approach to learning. Learners who use this style learn things by actually doing them. Commonly, kinesthetic learning is associated with students or learners who are good in mathematics and sciences as they involve relating theory to practice and they are more comfortable learning in groups. In class, such students learn optimally when they are taking notes (Indiana University, 2008). 3. Logical learning style- This learning
Friday, October 18, 2019
Implement Virtualisation in staffordshire university Assignment
Implement Virtualisation in staffordshire university - Assignment Example the local computers no longer have to do all the work that comes with running applications rather, the work is done by the network computers that make up the cloud. The hardware and software that the user requires decreases so that the only thing that the user requires is the cloud computing system interface software that can be as simple as a web browser such as Gmail or Hotmail. Cloud computing dates back to the earlier days of flow charts and presentations whereby the server-farm on the internet was represented as a puffy, white cumulonimbus cloud that accepted connections and doled out information as it floated (HESS and NEWMAN 2010). Virtualization refers to the act of creating a virtual version of something including even though not limited to computer hardware platform, operating systems and storage devices. It began as a method of dividing the system resources provided by mainframes between several different applications, and the term has been widening in use since then. It is now not just about servers, but about the creation of efficient, responsive IT environment through making virtually the entire data center (MIKKELIN et al, 2010). Consider the following illustration that indicates the process of virtualization Some of the benefits attributed to virtualization include improving asset utilization, lowering capital and power as well as cooling costs. In addition, virtualization improves efficiency and accessibility of the resources requisite in an organization. Further, it is helpful in reducing the management touch points and accelerating the delivery of IT services. It is imperative to note that, the virtualization software makes it possible for one to run numerous operating systems on the same server concurrently. The technology of virtual machine monitors is attributed to the whole process. This helps in separating computer environments from the actual physical infrastructure (AHMED & SARKAR, 2013). Of critical importance, virtualization enables
The Impact of Woodland Management Practices on Biodiversity Essay
The Impact of Woodland Management Practices on Biodiversity - Essay Example For humans, woodlands provide a valuable resource in terms of the wood from cutting down trees, and in some cases the use of cleared land for farmland. Both of these uses of woodland significant disrupt the species living within it, often displacing them or causing local extinction. The purpose of this essay is to examining practices of woodland management and to consider what impact these have on biodiversity and what the long-term outcomes of these approaches are likely to be. In addition, alternative approaches to current woodland management practices will be considered, as well as the underlying drivers that influence what woodland management practices are prevalent. It is argued that current woodland management practices place the biodiversity within the woodland environment at significant risk, and in the long-term will result in an unrecoverable loss of species, ultimately decreasing the usefulness of woodland as a resource. Importance of Biodiversity Biodiversity has become a buzzword of the modern political environment, and is a prominent topic among many different people and areas, including universities, politicians, schools and broadcasters. The current age is often referred to as having a biodiversity crisis, or that there are many threats to biodiversity which must be properly handled in order to conserve biodiversity. The term has become highly popular and politically centred in recent years, and humankind attempts to find ways of preserving biodiversity without compromising growth and human life. However, biodiversity itself is difficult to define, as the term is used by a wide range of people, many of whom do not define what they mean by the phrase. Throughout literature there are more than 80 different definitions of the term, which vary slightly or significantly from one another (Spicer, 2009). The definition of biodiversity that is arguably the most correct is that which was derived as part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which wa s signed by 150 nations in 1992. This definition considers biodiversity to be variability among living organisms from all areas of the world, including diversity that occurs within ecosystems, between species and within species. Defining the term however, is only one aspect. To effectively address the problems surrounding biodiversity, there needs to be an effective method of measuring it. Finding consensus approaches to measuring biodiversity is an important approach to solving problems of biodiversity; however, this is not an easy task. For example, a forest ecosystem has a large amount of different species including the easily visible plants, animals and birds, the smaller organisms such as insects, and then microorganisms, which cannot be seen with the naked eye. Counting all of these species would be a large task, and does not take into account another important aspect of biodiversity, specifically , how many of each species are present (Spicer, 2009). Because of these problems , different researchers make use of different approaches to attempt to provide an indication of the measure of biodiversity within an area, such as the number of species that are present or their abundance. Often, a specific type of species may be focused on, such as studies that examine the biodiversity of birds within forest communities (Aleixo, 1999). Other indicators
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Special Populations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Special Populations - Research Paper Example This paper will research special education in the Carroll Independent School District (CISD) of Texas. The boundaries of school districts in Texas do not always align with city or county boundaries, whereby one district may occupy several cities or counties, while some of the larger cities may be divided between several school districts. Although most special education students are disproportionately English language learners, minority and the poor, the CISD indiscriminately serves 11 schools in the upper income area of Dallas, Texas. It is the largest school district to have been rated by the Texas Education Agency (TEA) as exemplary in performance, recording an exceptional zero percent dropout rate and 97 percent attendance in 2007, a rating it holds to date. CISD believes that for majority of its special education students to achieve the same standards as other students, they ought to be given specially designed support, instruction, accommodation and appropriate access as require d by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Texas is among the states in America that have worked for a few decades to have all students included in their education systems. The commitment has seeped into both the provision of education serves and approaches employed in evaluating the system’s success in a bid to meet all the students’ needs. CISD believes that students with special needs deserve more than pity or protection from the high expectations associated with non-special students. They should also not be excluded from necessary assessments that indicate whether they are progressing towards the expectations as desired or not. Some of the cases that compelled CISD to address special education include intellectual disabilities; developmental disabilities; specific learning disabilities; language and speech impairments; orthopedic, hearing and visual impairments; autism; and traumatic brain injury. Special education developed following the governme nt’s growing need for involvement in education (Wilmshurst & Brue, 2010). Before the 1975 passing of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act by the federal government, special education programs had to be improved to include additional services as prescribed by the plans mandated federally. They would therefore be able to benefit from IDEA. To this end, after the Act was passed, Texas established several schools that give special care and attention to students with disabilities to help them grow intellectually, socially and emotionally. In CISD, they have schools that are specially designed and equipped to address the needs of students with learning or physical disabilities. The schools develop students’ talents and skills within caring and safe environments. This is in conformity with the provisions of IDEA that stipulate that each special needs student is given an Individualized Education Program (IEP), outlining how the schools will meet their individual need s (NCD, 1994). CISD further embraces the requirement by IDEA that special needs students must be provided with free, appropriate, public education, which should be conducted in the least restrictive environments. Special education is provided in varying degrees in schools run by the government in CISD. The settings range from the least restric
Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Roe v. Wade - Essay Example To begin with, the ruling gave women the permission to have safe abortion on three grounds based on the stage of pregnancy. The ruling stated that during the first trimester of pregnancy, the decision to procure abortion remained with the pregnant woman’s doctor. On the other hand, during the second trimester, states would regulate abortion procedures by promoting their interests in the health of the mother, while during the third trimester, states would promote their interests regarding the potentiality of human life, and would thus be able to prohibit abortion, lest the mother’s life is in grave danger. The ruling had massive implication on the rights of women in the United States. As Nation Unies (2001) observes on their article on Abortion Policies, the right-to-life movement which initially was dormant, got an immediate rejuvenation with the ruling. The movement thereafter began a campaign that whose aim was to create as many legal barriers to abortion as possible. On the other hand, the abortion rights movement mounted a massive campaign for safe and legal abortion. Unah (2010) notes that the Roe v Wade ruling did actually empower the American women. In addition, he notes that it helped fuel feminist movements across the country and significantly helped solidify the social standing of women across America. Furthermore, a number of scholars are of the agreement that banning of abortion would be contradicting the Thirteenth Amendment, and that this would subject women to involuntary pregnancies. The ruling also stirred controversies between those who were pro-abortion and those who were against it. Faux (2001) notes that questions arose regarding the actual intention of the ruling, on why fetus at 28 weeks were considered more valuable than at 10 weeks, if the sole intention was to protect potential life. With the issue of viability still raging, feminists have
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Special Populations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Special Populations - Research Paper Example This paper will research special education in the Carroll Independent School District (CISD) of Texas. The boundaries of school districts in Texas do not always align with city or county boundaries, whereby one district may occupy several cities or counties, while some of the larger cities may be divided between several school districts. Although most special education students are disproportionately English language learners, minority and the poor, the CISD indiscriminately serves 11 schools in the upper income area of Dallas, Texas. It is the largest school district to have been rated by the Texas Education Agency (TEA) as exemplary in performance, recording an exceptional zero percent dropout rate and 97 percent attendance in 2007, a rating it holds to date. CISD believes that for majority of its special education students to achieve the same standards as other students, they ought to be given specially designed support, instruction, accommodation and appropriate access as require d by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Texas is among the states in America that have worked for a few decades to have all students included in their education systems. The commitment has seeped into both the provision of education serves and approaches employed in evaluating the system’s success in a bid to meet all the students’ needs. CISD believes that students with special needs deserve more than pity or protection from the high expectations associated with non-special students. They should also not be excluded from necessary assessments that indicate whether they are progressing towards the expectations as desired or not. Some of the cases that compelled CISD to address special education include intellectual disabilities; developmental disabilities; specific learning disabilities; language and speech impairments; orthopedic, hearing and visual impairments; autism; and traumatic brain injury. Special education developed following the governme nt’s growing need for involvement in education (Wilmshurst & Brue, 2010). Before the 1975 passing of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act by the federal government, special education programs had to be improved to include additional services as prescribed by the plans mandated federally. They would therefore be able to benefit from IDEA. To this end, after the Act was passed, Texas established several schools that give special care and attention to students with disabilities to help them grow intellectually, socially and emotionally. In CISD, they have schools that are specially designed and equipped to address the needs of students with learning or physical disabilities. The schools develop students’ talents and skills within caring and safe environments. This is in conformity with the provisions of IDEA that stipulate that each special needs student is given an Individualized Education Program (IEP), outlining how the schools will meet their individual need s (NCD, 1994). CISD further embraces the requirement by IDEA that special needs students must be provided with free, appropriate, public education, which should be conducted in the least restrictive environments. Special education is provided in varying degrees in schools run by the government in CISD. The settings range from the least restric
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Realistic nursing care plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Realistic nursing care plan - Essay Example He is peripherally cyanosed and very anxious. To be able to provide a realistic nursing care plan on the above-mentioned case, it is first necessary to add a little more information that may help us focus on the type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that Mr. Percy Jones might be suffering. Before moving on, it is imperative at this point to define what CODP is. CODP is generally defined by the Manual of Nursing Practice (2001, p. 294) as "a term that refers to a group of conditions characterized by continued increased resistance to expiratory airflow." Marieb (2002, p. 403) further gives us features that are common among CODP patients, and these are as follows: patients almost always have a history of smoking; dyspnea occurs and becomes progressively more severe; coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common; and most CODP victims are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory failure. Generally, CODP may either be chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by severe inflammation of the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages, coupled with the excessive production of mucus (Marieb, 2002, p. 403) which results in the presence of "cough and sputum production for at least a combined total of three months in each of two consecutive years" (Smeltzer and Bar e 2004, p. 569). Emphysema, on the other hand, is a disease that "affects the airways characterized by the destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli" (Smeltzer and Bare 2004, p. 569). We shall elaborate on emphysema in a short while. The case clearly alludes to a type of CODP that stems directly from too much exposure to mining dusts. Though most CODP cases are due to cigarette smoking or passing smoking, Mr. Jones' illness differs from the majority as to the main cause and probable coincidence of the different types of CODP. Though complications and the occurrence of two types of CODP is a possibility, allow me to narrow down Mr. Jones' CODP type based on the facts that are given. According to a study by Cogon and Taylor (1998, p. 406), miners, due to dust exposure, are prone to centrilobular emphysema, especially in the presence of pneumoconiosis. Emphysema, as must be recalled, is a progressive COPD condition where the walls of the alveoli are destroyed due to recurrent infection. Such results in the enlargement of dead space in the lungs which leads to hypoxemia, and in worse cases, hypercapnia (which, in turn, may lead to other complications) (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004, p. 570). Emphysema, in turn, may either be panlobular or centrilobular. Again, both types of emphysema may exist in one patient, the main difference between the two are as follows: panlobular emphysema, there is the destruction of the bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveoli such that all air spaces within the lobule are essentially enlarged, but there is little inflammatory disease (Smeltzer and Bare 2004, p. 570); in centrilobular emphysema, what is affected are the proximal aspects of the lu ng acinus, primarily the area of the respiratory bronchioles (RadioWiki 2005), though, alveolar ducts in the proximal and middle portion of the pulmonary module may be destroyed in gross cases, resulting in holes or emphysematous spaces (Daroca
Self-esteem and Self-image Essay Example for Free
Self-esteem and Self-image Essay If we feel good about ourselves that may lead us to brighter futures and an enjoyable life, or it may lead to dilemma and problems in managing or surviving in life. Influences on self-concept Age Age makes a huge dissimilarity to the way children illustrate themselves and to the way adults think about their lives. Our self-concept grows and changes as we grow older. When you are in a young age you are not as much anxious about the way you illustrate them selves, but when you are more mature and elder you are more conscious. see more:explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked Appearance Somewhere between 10 and 12 years of age, children start to analyse the ways which they are alike or not like others. The physical shape of our body, our height, weight, hair, eyes and skin colour all have an influence on our self image. Most people especially teenagers believe that there is an ideal image. When we view ourselves as good looking and give ourselves positive images this builds up our self-esteem, whereas giving ourselves a negative image then it may make us feel awful or affect our self-esteem. Gender Basic matters such as sexual characteristics and civilization will be most important reasons why a person creates a self-image. Most people arrive at a specific age which they start to decide that they do not like or feel comfortable in the gender that they are. For examples: homosexuals. Culture and Socialisation People produce an icon of themselves based on information obtainable in their background. People have diverse traditions and ways of thinking, this consist of the following: Different beliefs about marriage, for instants, dissimilar faiths and neighbourhoods have different viewpoints about marriage and sex Media People may judge themselves with the representations of other people depicted in the media. Media represents things like internet sites, magazines, television, newspapers, music, radio and DVDs. Families choose what they feel is appropriate media for the children, but as we grow older we began to become independent and choose what we feel is appropriate for us to watch. Income Developing in a Low-income household may persuade a persons self-image and self-esteem. This can persuade an individuals self-concept because of the opportunities connected with our familys income. Relationships with family and friends Self-image and Self-esteem is extremely influenced by family members and friends. This is because of the way we are spoken to and the ways are families and friends act around us. If an individual gets along with their family and friends, they may feel love and wanted by them. Abuse If a person is mistreated this may damage the view of themselves and my end up with a low self-esteem, they may insolate themselves and finish off by taking their own lives. Education Learning success may manipulate a persons self-esteem. Later in life we experience life at college and university, this also verifies change and what we think about ourselves and others, having a good education may let students have easy access to a well-paid job. Emotional health and well-being Poor emotional health may produce trouble with self-concept. The way we see ourselves is influenced by our school. But later on in life we may experience change in the way we see ourselves for the reason that we have different college and university friends. Environment The area we live in may persuade us to see ourselves in a different way, e.g. we may feel that we are different from people who receive good income and receive good quality education and health.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Coca Cola Consists Of Their Company And Bottling Partners Commerce Essay
Coca Cola Consists Of Their Company And Bottling Partners Commerce Essay The Coca-Cola system has more than 16 million customers around the world that sell or serve their products directly to consumers. They keenly focus on enhancing value for the customers and helping them grow their beverage business. They strive to understand each customers business and needs, whether that customer is a sophisticated retailer in a developed market or an owner in an emerging market. HISTORY Coca-Cola was invented in May 1886 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The pharmacist concocted caramel colored syrup in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard. He first distributed Coca-Cola by carrying it in a jug down the street to Jacobs pharmacy. For five cents consumers could enjoy a glass of Coca-Cola at the soda fountain. Dr. Pembertons partner and book keeper, Frank M Robinson, suggested the name Coca-Cola in the unique following script that is famous worldwide today. MISSION STATEMENT The mission statement should be a clear and succinct representation of the enterprises purpose for existence. It should incorporate socially meaningful and measurable criteria addressing concepts such as the moral/ethical position of the enterprise, public image, the target market, products/services, the geographic domain and expectations of growth and profitability. http://www.businessplans.org/Mission.html Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest seller of liquid, non alcoholic refreshment. Their mission is to maximize state owner value over time. In order to achieve this primary objective of delivering superior investments return to shareowners through consistent increase in sales volume and creating value for all constituents they serve, including their consumers, customers, bottlers and their communities. The Coca-Cola Company creates value by executing a comprehensive business strategy by six key beliefs: Consumer demand drives everything they do. Brand Coca-Cola is the core of their business. They serve consumers a broad selection of the non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverages throughout the day. They will be the best marketers in the world. They will think and act locally. They will lead as a model corporate citizen. The ultimate objectives of our business strategy are to increase volume, expand their share of worldwide non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverage sale, maximize their long term cash flows and create economic value added by improving economic profit. They are nearly six billion people in the world who are potential consumers of their Companys products. Ultimately, their success in achieving their mission depends on their ability to add value for their customers. They achieve this when they Place the right products in the right markets at the right time. CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Most of the time effective selection is made, for this purpose employee is recruited either on reference basis or through interview, which is followed by background checks to make sure that he is not involved in criminal activities and have good reputation so that he should not create annoyance and problems for the company. The core values of Cokes culture are honesty, integrity, diversity, quality, respect, responsibility and accountability. Coca-Cola employees are oriented properly so that employee should be well aware of the mission of the company and give their best performance in order to let the company achieve its goals. They are made aware of all sorts of companies policies and procedures. . Coca-Cola culture is based on the following: Respect our people Integrity Open communication Committed to winning PLANNING Without a strategy the organization is like a ship without a rudder, going around in circles. Its like a tramp that has no place to go to. Strategic planning, formulation and implementation are core management functions. Although strategic management has been in existence for only a few years its implications have been firmly and strongly rooted in organizations that want to stand in good stead. Among all the varied things that managers have to deal with and act upon, few affect an organizations performance more lastingly than do the task of charting an organizations future course, figuring out the what strategic moves and approaches to undertake, and then orchestrating execution of the chosen strategy as close to perfection as is managerially possible. One of the factors in determining whether the organization performs up to its potential or not is the extent to which the management team performs the strategic goals. Indeed Good strategy and good implementation are the most trustworthy proof of good management Strategy is a very broad term which commonly describes any thinking that looks at the bigger picture. Successful companies are those that focus their efforts strategically. To meet and exceed customer satisfaction, the business team needs to follow an overall organizational strategy. A successful strategy adds value for the targeted customers over the long run by consistently meeting their needs better than the competition does. A strategic plan, then, is the bridge to the future, which an organization uses to lead from what it is to what it envisions it can become. THE CORPORATE OBJECTIVES Coca-Cola vision statement: We will become the best and the biggest anchor bottler in the world COCA COLA has a very flat hierarchy, consisting of just three layers. Thus, the top management handles most of the goals setting and planning activities. The objectives of this company can be classified as: STRATEGIC GOALS: The overall goal of an organization in terms of its market position in the medium or long-term. A strategic goal forms part of an organizations corporate strategy, and should act as a motivating force as well as a measure of performance and achievement for those working in an organization. The strategic goals are considered when company is thinking of the long-term objectives but at coca cola strategic objectives and goals are set up for three years. These strategic goals are decide by the top management .However, they are reviewed every year in the annual meeting to make sure that they are in line with the changing environment. They are: To continue to be an organization providing the quality products to the valuable customers. To select and retain the professional people for the organization. To project an outstanding corporate image. To satisfy the customer through extra ordinary service and an excellent service along with the complete tactical and operational support. TACTICAL GOALS: The top management of the company on an annual basis devises these goals together with the consultation of the lower level employees. Then each departmental director is given these annual tasks that then subdivide it on the quarterly or monthly basis to have a proper check to ensure that these objectives are achieved, mainly through marketing, is the job of the director of each division. For this year, these goals are: To increase the revenues by 20% as compared to last year. To increase the total retail customers by around 10%. To increase the market share by 5%. To reactivate the discontinued customers by 30%. OPERATIONAL GOALS: Operational goals are decided by the top management in consultation with the lower level employees. They are following the concept of management by objectives (MBO). Each employee is assigned its goals and is told what is expected of him and then he is evaluated on the basis of certain rules and regulations followed evenly by the company. For example: a sales man is given following tasks, duties and certain targets: Each salesman has to oversee around 100-125 outlets. The frequency of visits to each outlet depends upon the sales of that particular outlet. Normally, a salesman has to visit a single outlet thrice a week i.e. every alternate day. This means that a salesman visits at least 20-30 outlets per day. The salesman has three basic functions to perform. To find new customers, To retain existing ones, To bring back the discontinued accounts. Each salesman has to bring in at least three new accounts every month. These may either be new customers or the reactivation of the discontinued accounts. Sales manager is made responsible for the performance and achievement of operational goals and is assigned to set certain milestones for the salesman so as to give him proper feedback, which definitely helps the salesman achievement of the above-mentioned goals. DECISION-MAKING Competing in the market place is like a war. You have injuries and casualties, and the best strategy wins. Purposeful selection from among a set of alternatives in light of a given objective. Decision-making is not a separate function of management. In fact, decision-making is intertwined with the other functions, such as Planning, Coordinating, and Controlling. The decision-making process in COCA COLA is centralized. The model used is classical, whereby the top management takes their time while making decisions and explore and evaluate all the possible alternatives before choosing the rationally economic and feasible solution. Programmed decisions are made only by the top management with no consultation what so ever with the line managers while the daily and routine decisions are made by the line managers at the middle level with the prior permission or approval from the general manager. Decisions, which are normally taken at the top management, are related to The package positioning Trade discounts Advertisements Price reductions Distribution While recruiting new employees, we, the top management approves the vacancies and asks the Human Capital Department to conduct the written test and this test normally is conducted for the employees at the lower level. Then prospective applicants are short listed through the interview process. Then the Business and operations manager or general manager personally interviews the employees and then makes the final decision about the selection himself. Hence, the decisions are made on the basis of the inputs provided by the lower level employees and the managers at the middle management level. Top management asks for the suggestions and ideas of his subordinates and then takes the final decision himself. However, the remaining decisions, which are mainly related to the daily operations, are made by the respective managers who are eventually made responsible for the results. The management is very much cooperative and encourage its employees to come up with new ideas related to their duties and the work they do so as to increase the overall efficiency of the organization and eventually increasing the profits. TEAM BUILDING WORK TEAMS Employees especially in the production, sales and marketing department in Coca-Cola work in teams to achieve their goals. CLARIFY RESPONSIBILITY Coca-Cola has very organized HR department and all major disciplinary actions are taken by it. Supervisors usually given oral warnings and written notices are issued by human resource department. DEFINING PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS Employees responsibilities are mentioned in the Job Description and the kind of work expected by them is communicated clearly through appointment letter and by orienting them properly. COMMUNICATE DISCIPLINARY POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND RULES Coca-Cola appointment letter gives all the details of the disciplinary policies and rules. Employee is expected to sign that letter before he joins the organization. Company tells all its employees before hand that if they would violate companys rules and regulations and would engage in any kind of misconduct, immediate disciplinary action would be taken and that this may cause in termination of their services. COLLECT PERFORMANCE DATA In order to start discipline action, company requires proof by the supervisor who thinks that disciplinary action should be taken against some person. For example, if the person has the habit of coming late, then the supervisor is required to give dates on which he arrived late and the time. Usually company verifies the cases of misconduct from various sources and makes sure that the information is correct. ADMINISTERING CORRECTIVE COUNSELING Coca-Cola considers all its employees valuable, if somebody is unable to perform well problems in the meetings that are specially called to administer Corrective Counseling. During these meetings he can give reasons of his bad performance KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS: The key Performance indictors are as follows 1. FINANCIALS/PROFITABILITY Coke pays special attention to the financials as important performance indicator. Coke controls the amount of money being paid out. All bills are reviewed to determine how much is being disbursed and for what purpose. Managerial efficiency is gauged by the financials and profitability of the plants as well as corporate office. 2. QUALITY INDEX Coke follows quality index to maintain quality standards and this is the performance indictor which is strictly adhered to. An independent body is invited to check the quality of the products being manufactured. A market team is brought in and a 95% to 98 % of quality indicates good quality. SALES MONITORING Coke regularly checks as how sales are responding to marketing and promotional efforts. Through these performance indictors Coke measures how an individual or a team is performing. Coke emphasizes that performance indictors play an important role in determining the efficiency of any individual/team. NON-BUREAUCRATIC, OPEN DOOR POLICY The structure is non-bureaucratic and any employee can approach anyone from high level of hierarchy and present his problem or suggestion. This phenomenon is known as the Open door policy. Coke also encourages its key employees to take on important decisions as they feel necessary for the working of their own departments. Job Description A job is a collection of tasks and responsibilities that an employee is responsible to conduct. Jobs have titles. A task is a typically defined as a unit of work, that is, a set of activities needed to produce some result, e.g., vacuuming a carpet, writing a memo, sorting the mail, etc. Complex positions in the organization may include a large number of tasks, which are sometimes referred to as functions. Job descriptions are lists of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Coke has a very good policy as regards to job description. When a job is advertised it is properly described so that applicants know what the job requirements are. The advertisements properly lay out these descriptions. Applicants selected are those who fulfill the criteria of the given job description. Coke is very cautious when making job descriptions as it wants to induct only those people who are required by the company. Job description is prepared by HR managers and proper care is taken while defining the description of each job so that later when a person is inducted he properly fits the job requirements. MOTIVATION If you want to make things happen the ability to motivate yourself and others is a crucial skill. At work, home, and everywhere in between, people use motivation to get results. Motivation requires a delicate balance of communication, structure, and incentives. When an employee inducts in Coke, he is joining Coke: The Company meaning that it gives him recognition as he is working for a huge multi-billion corporation with huge profit turnover. Associated with Coke not only gives him career break but also excellent learning opportunities. So he becomes more marketable as an employee and thus this is a great motivating factor for him. COKES CULTURE ENVIRONMENT The culture and environmental setup of Coke is also very friendly and as already explained Coke has open door policy as a part of its culture. This culture is also very motivating for employees and thus leads to their higher productivity and they give out their best to their jobs. PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT When Employee feels that he is given adequate authority and responsibility in making key decisions of the organization he feels an important part of the organization. He feels he has a role to play in the organization and feels a part of the bigger picture. His suggestions are valued and efforts are acknowledged. Thus all these factors lead to high motivation in employees. WELL PAY AND FRINGE BENEFITS Coke employees are offered excellent pay scales and job related benefits. The pay and the benefits match their job requirements and their pay scale is also very competitive as compared to other companies. Thus, this is an important factor in motivating employees. JOB PROMOTIONS Each and every employee is given a fair chance to progress in his job. Job promotions based on their performance appraisals are a part of Cokes policy in motivating employees. PAY RAISES, INCENTIVES AND COMMISSIONS Coke employees are given pay raises, incentives and commissions as per their performance, their goal achievement and if they out perform their jobs. All these factors lead to high motivation in Coke employees. CONFLICT RESOLUTION Conflict resolution is part of daily routine in Coke. The conflict could be labor related as well as management related. The labor related matters are dealt by engaging a legal consultant whereas management resolves its own conflicts by sitting down and discussing the problem at hand thoroughly. The management related problems are not turned into open arguments and matters are not made personal, rather they are dealt professionally. The labor related matters are also dealt very professionally. Services of Legal Counsel are engaged in order to resolve matters relating to employees as well as labor as per government regulations. Negotiations are also a part of conflict resolution process. Peaceful resolutions are preferred over heated resolutions of conflicts. Following roles are involved in conflict resolutions: Mediators: Coke utilizes the service of mediators as per the conflict requirements. Consultants: Consultants play an important role in Coke in conflict related matters. Coke engages these consultants so that the conflicts that arise are skillfully managed through communication and analysis. Compensation Plans Group Life Insurance Coca-Cola secures its employees through group life insurance incase of death/disability of any employee. Free Sampling Coca-Cola provides its employees with free samples of its beverages on different festivals etc. Volunteer Separation Scheme(Golden Handshake) Incase of restructuring, if the employees need to be laid-off then Coke gives volunteer separation scheme (golden handshake) with extra benefits over and above their legal dues. Gratuity/Provident Fund Coke gives its employees gratuity/provident fund. Employee Old-Age Benefits When an employee retires, those employees who are secured through employee old-age benefits institution under the current law, 6 % is contributed by the Coke and 1 % is deducted from the employees pay. Performance Development Programs Coke provides its employees with performance development programs. Annual Performance Incentive Plan Monetary awards are given to employees if they perform well and this is done through Cokes annual performance incentive plan. Workers Participation Funds The company maintains workers participation funds so as to share its 5 percent of its profit with its employees. 9. Medical/Hospitalization Coca Cola reimburses its employees medical/health insurance. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance appraisal is an important part of performance management. In itself it is not performance management, but it is one of the range of tools that can be used to manage performance. http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/perfmangmt/appfdbck/perfapp.htm Reviewing Planning Tracking Reflection The Performance Management System End of Cycle Review Continuous progress and development Key Result Areas Objectives Competencies Development Plan Reaching Agreement Tracking Feedback Coaching Mid-year Review wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quality_management Method Coca-Cola uses Management by Objectives (MBO) method; evaluator is given five to seven areas on which he has to assess the employee. Evaluator is supposed to rate an employee on the job related objectives and he is also supposed to give tracking sources. This part is known as THE WHATS. Evaluator also rates an employee on the key competencies required by the job and critical to the objectives, this part is known as THE HOWS. Evaluator also mentions competencies required for development and development goals. It also focuses on the time frame in which the developmental activities would be implemented and the way these developed competencies /skills/knowledge would be used in achieving performance objectives, this is known as Development Plan. PERFORMANCE RATING There are five areas on which employees are rated: 1. Consistently Exceeds-CE Performance Objectives/ WHATS Employee, whose contribution exceeds the stated objectives in terms of quality and timeliness and performs beyond the scope of the current role/department which benefits the company in a significant way. Competencies Skills and Knowledge/ HOWS Demonstrates well-developed expertise to get outstanding results and consistently role models the above behavior and also coaches others. 2. Meets and Exceeds-ME Performance Objectives/ WHATS Employees who consistently meet the objectives and frequently exceeds objective and adds value beyond the scope of the current role, often benefit Division/Department. Competencies Skills and Knowledge/ HOWS An employee frequently demonstrates an advanced ability in using Competencies Skills and Knowledge in order to achieve and exceeds results. 3. Successfully Meets-SM Performance Objectives/ WHATS Employee, whose contributions consistently meets and occasionally exceeds the objectives, which are based on challenging goals falls in this category. Competencies Skills and Knowledge/ HOWS Employee demonstrates competence and applies skills and knowledge to achieve expected levels of performance. 4. Meets Some-MS Performance Objectives/ WHATS Employee who meets some but not all the objectives and performance, improvement is necessary. Performance is somewhat inconsistent and more than normal direction on job responsibilities and objectives is required. Competencies Skills and Knowledge/ HOWS Demonstrates limited working knowledge of this area, observable gaps exists in applying some critical Competencies Skills and Knowledge areas to achieve expected results. Further coaching and development is required. 5. Fails to Meet-FM Performance Objectives/ WHATS Employee whose contributions frequently do not meet the stated objectives, performance requires frequent monitoring and substantial direction from the manager. Competencies Skills and Knowledge/ HOWS Employee demonstrates very limited ability in this area, significant improvement is required. Coca Cola also uses the following methods: 1. Multi-rater Assessment Coca Cola asks its Employee to nominate the people, who would rate him on his performance. Then the assessment from different people is given a form of summary or key useful and informative points are extracted from these peoples evaluation, this is known as TOOL OF DEVELOPMENT in Coca-Cola. Coca Cola uses STARs as the way to evaluate a person. STARs= Situation-Task-Action- Result 2. Work Standard Approach 3. Critical Incident Technique 4. Essay Appraisal. Exit Interviews Coca-Cola also interviews employees leaving the organization and asks about their opinion about the way performance appraisal is conducted in the company to improve it if required. Purposes of Conducting Performance Appraisal To Assess the employee To develop and improve the employee. Who are the People Involved? People who are involved in this process are Supervisors and Department Heads, also known as Grand Supervisors. Training of people carrying out performance appraisal People, who carry out performance appraisal, are trained by head office and all sites are updated about this process. How Often Performance Appraisal is conducted? Coca-Cola conducts performance appraisal once a year, but from now they are thinking to conduct it after every six months. At Which Level Performance Appraisal Is Conducted? Employees of all management categories undergo process of performance appraisal. For how long it has been Part of Organization? COCA COLA was established three years ago since then performance appraisal is part of this organization. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF COCA COLA AND OTHER MULTINATIONALS Performance appraisal conducted in Coca Cola is very thorough as compared to other multinationals. Developmental Plan and Career aspirations Coaching Log, Interim Review, end of cycle review are all part of performance appraisal. CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PROCESS BY COCA-COLA Coca-Cola is introducing a change in this process. It is planning to conduct performance appraisal twice a year instead of once a year, they are naming this change as mid-year review. Lastly Coca-Cola claims that its employees are satisfied with this process that has also helped the organization. Performance appraisal method is same for new employees (recently joined company) and for old workers (those who are working for many years). Performance appraisal method used by Coca-Cola is same worldwide. TRAINING Coca Cola has its own training specialists and employees are trained usually on need basis. It has huge budget allocated towards training of its employees; it amounts to $200,000 per year. Whether the employee belongs to middle level management or senior level management, training is provided because company believes that it would benefit both the company and the employee in the long run. Employees are usually sent to Europe or Middle East for training. Coca Cola has its In-House Training Head Office in Atlanta, where they have their own training specialists. They also use local training facilities like they often send their employees to LUMS for special courses so that they can update their skills; others include PIMS, CMD, Informatics for computer Courses. Another important source of training is seminars. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance appraisal is done at the end of the year in Coca-Cola that usually helps in identifying the areas where training can bring improvements. OBSERVATION OF BEHAVIOR Supervisors usually report to the HR department about their employees, those who need training. By watching them performing their work, they can easily identify the problem areas that can be corrected by putting them on training. On the Job Training Job Rotation Job rotation is very commonly used to train the employees in different areas so that they can learn skills that can help in their development. CAREER GROWTH Job Rotation Job rotation is very commonly used to train the employees in different areas so that they can learn skills that can help in their development. Company provides with no additional benefits when employee learn skills other than his original job during Job Rotation because company believes that it is in the benefit of this employee, and its ultimately him who is going to benefit. MENTORING Operational manager in Coca-Cola in consultation with HR department is responsible for mentoring. JOB INSTRUCTION TRAINING Coca-Cola uses Job Instruction Training for middle-level, lower-level management and worker class, supervisors usually gives this training. COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS Coca-Cola very often puts its middle-level managers and lower-level managers on committee assignments so that they can learn. Apprentice Training Supervisors are responsible for apprentice training in Coca-Cola; worker class is trained by this method. EVALUATION AND CONTROL: QC Total Quality Management TQM is a set of management practices throughout the organization, geared to ensure the organization consistently meets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement http://managementhelp.org/quality/tqm/tqm.htm Coke believes in always motivating to anticipate present and future needs of customers and consumers, to be nimble, dynamic and growing, always in a state of continual evolution. Developing and maintaining an environment, which enables full participation and development of all backgrounds, cultures, styles and views, leveraging the capabilities, insights, and ideas of all member Consumers are given foremost importance. COCA COLA focuses on TQM in order to deliver TCS (Total Consumer Satisfaction). The Company value creativity and risk taking to fulfill this motto. To meet the consumers changing demands, COCA COLA has adaptable and flexible structure. The authority is at the right place. The employees are given empowerment by virtue of which they feel themselves as part of organization: consequently they put all the efforts to prove their worth. Young and junior employees with high potential are entrusted with senior assignments. At COCA COLA risk taking and out of the box thinking is encouraged. New and creative ideas are always welcomed. Top management supports the innovative process and appreciates employees to THINK DIFFERENT and to be INNOVATIVE. The Company is in the process of increasing in its culture the element of the trust, maximum collaboration among individuals and groups, increased sense of organizational ownership, allowing people to exercise self-direction and self-control at work. Decision making at Coca-Cola is very participative due to friendly atmosphere. Anyone can give suggestions without any hesitation. Employees exchange views with each other and recommend the final decision to the senior managers. If any decisi
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Laertes and Polonius as Foils to Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shake
Laertes and Polonius as Foils to Hamlet           Foils are the minor characters in a play that aid in developing the more important characters. By using the similarities and differences between two characters, the audience can get a better understanding of that major character. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses many foils to develop the major characters of his play. Two foils that Shakespeare used to develop Hamlet's character were Laertes and Polonius.       One of the foils important to the play is Laertes. Although Laertes does not appear often in the play, he brings much to the plot and to Hamlet's character. These two are similar in many ways. They both seem to be about the same age, are well educated, and gentleman. One main thing that they have in common is they both are seeking revenge for their father's deaths. Both of their fathers were unnecessarily killed. Hamlet's father was killed by his father's brother for the crown and his wife, and Hamlet killed Laertes' father over mistaken identity. It was the revenge of these two that made up the plot of the story. Because of Laertes, the two could finally fulfill their revenge in the battle at the end that killed both Hamlet and the new king. If Laertes had not challenged Hamlet, the king would have died by some other way; however, the king died by poisoning just as he had killed his brother.       Another similarity in the play is the fact that both Laertes and Hamlet died by the poisoned tip of the same sword. Laertes and Hamlet were the last two to die. This completed the circle of everyone that had been directly involved in the disgraceful scandal had died. [SS] The poison killed the King, Queen, Hamlet, and Laertes, Polonius was killed by Ha... ...of the foils Shakespeare used to develop Hamlet's character. The one that did the best in accomplishing this task was Laertes, though. Laertes and Hamlet had a common goal, and if it hadn't been for him[,] the story would have taken a totally different route. Polonius was a good foil in that he convinced everyone that Ophelia was the cause of Hamlet's madness. If he hadn't been Ophelia's father, this part of the story may not have been as effective.  Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations Of Hamlet. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Charney, Maurice. All of Shakespeare. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. 1993. Magill, Frank N. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Death of a Salesman Character Development Essay :: essays papers
Death of a Salesman Character Development Essay A person’s attitude is mostly what everyone around him or her will view them as. From this they can tell many things. Whether it is if the person is funny or down to earth or even irresponsible. Many times people change personalities often and they would be classified as being a dynamic type of person. A person who is doesn’t change is classified as being a static character. Willy, from Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, is a static character for his inability to grasp reality, his poor parenting and his constant lying to his wife. Foremost, Willy has a problem with his inability to grasp reality. As he grows older his mind is starting to slip. For example, when he talks to the woman and his brother Ben. Throughout the story, Willy dreams of talking to the woman, because the woman is a person that he was dating in when he went to Boston. He was cheating behind his wife’s back. Willy basically uses her as a scapegoat when he’s hallucinating about her. He blames all of his problems on the woman. For instance Willy says, â€Å" Cause you do†¦ There’s so much I want to make for.†(38) This is the evidence right here. Also he dreams about his brother Ben. Willy wishes could be more like his brother who has just passed away a couple of months previously to the story. He also wishes he didn’t have to work and could be rich like Ben. He respects Ben for not really working and making a lot of money. Another example of Willy’s hallucinations are when he says,â€Å" How a re you all?†(45) This occurs when Willy is talking with Charley and he starts thinking about Ben. Willy’s inability to grasp reality never changed throughout the story. Willy also has very poor parenting skills. He has two children Biff and Happy. Willy excuses Biff for a lot of events when he was younger. If Biff stole something, Willy just brushes it off and says that is was no big deal. He didn’t even care when Biff failed math and did not graduate from high school. He measured success in how many people you knew not what your grades are. In one breath Willy would say that Biff is lazy and then in the next say he’s not.
Friday, October 11, 2019
The stages of Intervention in English Education
INTRODUCATIONReading is a necessary accomplishment for success in all societies, and the ability to read throughout assorted contexts efficaciously likely to better ego assurance and societal advancement every bit good as 1s possible bearer. However, Reading troubles is the job that faces many pupils with dyslexia across different educational system. It seems clear that there are two chief methods of gestating LD in general and the natural world construct of dyslexia. One chief definition relates to psychological/medical theoretical account and the other is societal theoretical account ( Kevin, 1999 ) . It is often point out that reading accomplishment is complicated because it is based on two chief procedures which are coding, comprehension. They require larning all alphabetical characters and the result of cognition every bit good as interaction with the reader ‘s ain experiences and entree to consequences through the text. Harmonizing to H. Lee Swanson, Karen R. Harris, Steve Graham ( 2006 ) reading troubles is shortage in larning procedures which are include ocular perceptual experience and perceptual Kinetic perceptual experience, .. etc. They established developing plans for this procedures which are prerequisite for larning to read, such as audio and ocular perceptual experience. However, this tendency has been criticized by research workers, because theoretical doctrine was weak and it was non based on scientific basic due to it was certified to see merely practical behaviour. On the other manus, in the 1960ss and 1970ss of the last century has returned to concentrate on direct instruction and structured acquisition, which focus on Code -emphasis and Whole Language ( Hoien, 2000 ) .Unfortunately, there is no known medical options to cut down the badness of cognitive processing hold in students with reading troubles. Therefore, instructors are required to work instructional accommodations as a consequence, pupils with reading troubles are to be successful in an suited an academic environment that aid to cut down reading troubles ( such as eliminate any beginning of perturbation at mainstream schoolrooms and resource room ) . One of the most of import instructional accommodations is usage of basic processs for appropriate intercession in early phase of educational ladder to avoid reading jobs in pupils through usage of assorted plans of intercession by specialised instructors and clinical psychologist to use. Furthermore, another instructional accommodation which is methods of learning pupils with dyslexia how do they read? ( Kevin L. Huitt,1999 ) . On the other manus, dyslexia friendly schools are an appropriate environment for kids with dyslexia are to supply effectual support to them and they have consciousness of the particular demands of these pupils. They are to be provided with effectual support and consciousness of their extra demands. The purpose of this brief essay is to discourse different definitions of dyslexia. Intervention to cut down reading troubles in pupils with dyslexia will be discussed with a focal point on phases of intercession in England, issues associated with intercession and besides concentrate on a major global programme: Reading Recovery. Teaching Methods for pupils with reading troubles will be examined in footings of Whole Language Instructions and Code- accent Instructions. Finally, Facilitating dyslexia friendly schools will be discussed in brief.1. Definition of DyslexiaIt seems a controversial issue comparatively in the beginning, because dyslexia has defined in many attacks, some of the definitions reflect the theories of causing, while the other definitions in an effort to depict dyslexia. It seems clear that dyslexia involves more than one status as it conveys a conceptual trouble in reading accomplishments for the kid every bit good as a figure of other grounds ( Rice, 2004 ) . There are many of dependable definitions that have been adopted from a broad scope of different direction environments, such as definition of the British Association for Dyslexia ( 2001 ) , which seems to be a descriptive definition, which indicate that dyslexia can be seen as: â€Å" A combination of abilities and troubles which affect the acquisition procedure in one or more of reading, spelling, and composing. Attach toing failing may be identified in countries of velocity of processing, short-run memory, sequencing, auditory and / or ocular perceptual experience, spoken linguistic communication and motor accomplishments. It is peculiarly related to get the hanging and utilizing written linguistic communication, which may include alphabetic, numeral and musical notation †( Reid, 2002 ) . It is agreed widely that reading accomplishment is cardinal for all people to finish the acquisition procedure successfully and appears to be understanding that the acquisition procedure needs to be a big figure of simple accomplishments, which requires the maps are ordered from different parts of the encephalon ( both left and right from the Brocaaa‚ ¬a„?s country and Hamichaer ) , furthermore, the sequence of actions that may do it one of the most complex operations. It is clear that all instructors, practicians and parents should hold information about kids with dyslexia and the most of import jobs they face, particularly in reading to understand the definition of the educational procedure ( British Dyslexia Association, 2003 ) . On the other, the World Federation of Neurologists ( 1968 ) defined it as ; â€Å" Dyslexia is a upset manifested by trouble in larning to read despite conventional direction and socio-cultural chance. It is dependent upon cardinal cognitive disablements which are often of constitutional beginning. †( Mortimore, 2003, by Reid, 1994, p.2 ) . If we pay adequate attending to this definition it is clear that the greatest alterations considerate on the late 1960ss that emphasis and characterized jobs to finish reading procedure to be successful, and the new millenary, that is a interested far more than three different phases of description, the first, behavioral, which is the most of import component for instructors and practicians to work daily with kids with dyslexia, peculiarly in the school, and 2nd, cognitive which is more relate to teacher larning troubles who is responsible for appraisal of any sort of larning troubles and so Preparation an single instruction program, 3rd, the degree of biological, which refers to dyslexia for sort of nervous-developmental in developmental shortage of biological beginning ( Frith, 2003 ) . However, if we compare the definition of the British Dyslexia Association in the definition of ( 2001 ) of dyslexia with the equivalent, which presented by the World Federation of Neurology ( 1968 ) , we will observe other possible struggles, harmonizing to the conceptual dimension to the definition of dyslexia. On the other manus, it is absolutely balanced in those who wish to show the strengths and failings of kids with dyslexia: â€Å" dyslexia is a combination of troubles, and capacity that may impact the acquisition procedure in one or more of the authorship, reading and spelling. It might be possible, identify failings in ocular perceptual experience, treating velocity of the short-run memory, sequencing, every bit good as sound, spoken linguistic communication and motor accomplishments. and that are relevant to get the hanging and utilizing written linguistic communication, which may incorporate the alphabet and place the digital every bit good as musical.2. Causes of Dyslexi aHarmonizing to ( Rice, 2004 ) there is still no consensus on the implicit in causes of dyslexia. It is often point out that non all the trouble in reading or composing agencies dyslexia. However, there are many scientists who believe that heritage and hearing jobs at an early age may do dyslexia. This will be discussed in more inside informations. 2.1 Inheritance May non be possible that dyslexia is non a strong feature that will be inherited, even if one or both parents have it. On the other manus, this may be possible. it clear that 40 per cent of the people and explained that dyslexia has a history of larning troubles in their household. Harmonizing to Brain scanning of kids with dyslexia by specializers in the field of medical specialty that Bunches of cells beneath the surface in the forepart left side of the encephalon are responsible for reading jobs ( ibid. ) . This group of cells traveling on the surface of encephalon cells while turning in the foetus, which does non happen with kids with dyslexia. In add-on, they have to be smaller Mangifera indica cellular system, which is apt for acknowledgment, for illustration, symbols and characters, which leads to hard to read. They normally tend to utilize the right portion for these accomplishments, which are non designed for this occupation and that six times slower. It is clear that scient ists consider these familial fluctuations and statistics that the heritage is one of causes of dyslexia. 2.2 Hearing Problems at an Early Age It is often point out that the first five old ages of a kid ‘s life are of import for the ability to read and compose in conformity with natural linguistic communications. In the event that the kid is enduring from colds or other continuously during the first old ages of his life, without medical intercession prior to the visit of the wellness centre, may be exposed to censor supplication from clip to clip and therefore may take to hearing loss. This means that there is a interruption in the learning procedure of the kid because of those jobs in the hearing. If the kid does non hold the ability to hear words right, and therefore take to holds in the phonemic consciousness of the kid that leads to larning troubles, such as dyslexia ( Bradford, 2009 ) . 3. Intervention for Dyslexia 3.1 Definition of intercession Harmonizing to Wall ( 2003 ) definition of intercession as â€Å" An intercession is an interaction between two people to convey about alteration and, hence, early old ages practicians undertake intercessions each clip they are working with kids. Interventions may be short, medium or long term and will be planned carefully to guarantee effectivity and rightness. †and He suggested thought which is what and how should practicians pull up a program or design different and utile intercession plans for each kid as a instance separately, by clear uping how it could promote instructors or staff of these kids collaborative work by each class of activity schoolroom, which can be caused by structured program which made through specializers. It can be seen that intercession has become a important key in deciding of psychological educational issues which is more effectual to clear up entree for these issues or jobs and besides it is utile in making positive consequences, particularly for kids with larning troubles who are at hazard for any peculiar type of larning troubles. It is of import to observe that it should be look at if one parent has dyslexia, which is likely to travel to one of their kids as a consequence it is of import there is focal point on the household history, which may to be assisted to alarm instructors and parents hence, it may acquire appropriate intercession plan for these kids ( Augur,1993 ) . If we pay adequate attending to Augur indicate that developmental dyslexia is justified for certain grounds, first ground, it may be really hard to clear up sort of developmental dyslexia that a kid is born thought harmonizing to the consequences of encephalon hurt as a consequence of shot or an accident, etc..Moreover, the 2nd ground which is that many specializers agree that most of these kids, who are smart in most classs with the exclusion of some basic academic accomplishments that need to develop and therefore it is likely that the instructors are supplying success and development of the natural growing of kids with dyslexia, if they were with the fact that dyslexia may non be curable but it needs to utile intercession plans.3.2 Phases of intercession in EnglandHarmonizing to DfES ( 2003 ) that phases of intercession used in schools in Britain, with about indistinguishable phases in America, called ( moving ridges ) . Wave 1, which is refer to initial instruction for literacy in schools in that there must be effectual integrating of all kids, high quality and a day-to-day reading and composing hr with appropriate distinction required. Whereas, if the kids do non react right to primary schoolroom of literacy counsel hence, intercession will be necessary. In add-on, Wave 2 shows a set of specific intercessions which are extra a specific clip, which refer to some kids who are in demand of support services to speed up development and they can work at or above age-related T the highest of outlooks. Wave 3 which is describe the administration for a little figure of kids and intercession is necessary to supply s pecifically for the processor velocity of development or let kids to accomplish their possible. It is clearly that, this could include the 01:01 or specific intercessions, so when it comes to older kids, which is normally refer to the attack set out specifically for kids that have been identified as necessitating particular instruction support by working in the school environment. The best illustration, as noted by the research worker that Wave 3 intercession which is reading recovery.3.3 A major global plan: Reading RecoveryReading Recovery has been designed by Marie Clay, who is a research worker in New Zealand ( Reading Recovery Council, 2006 ) . Mary did surveies which allowed her to develop appropriate methods for the sensing and intercession for reading troubles for kids. In add-on, this plan is surveies based intercession that is applied in more than 10000 schools in New Zealand, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. it was a developed to offer intercession for kids who have reading troubles ( Au, Mason1990 ) . Harmonizing to Au, Mason ( 1990 ) The chief of reading recovery is to offer intensive one-on-one support kids who have reading troubles in first class and therefore supply appropriate intercession to assist them win before they improve their reading troubles ( Savage, John 1994 ) . Furthermore, it is aimed at less than twenty per centum of school categories in first class schoolroom. It is clear that it is non easy to do a determination about who kids should be given to this plan. kids are taking a trial and depending on the lowest tonss for this trial and so to keep this plan for kids got the lowest tonss by trained instructors in the application of this plan for kids who have troubles reading to cut down these troubles and to read good ( Kline, Anne 1997 ) . It is often point out reading recovery is developed to be compatible with the mainstream school system. Each school needs to corroborate that instructors should hold the ability to download the plan continuously during the twelvemonth. It is clear that it has the ability to work in a assortment of degrees for case it works in effectual manner with school, instructors, kids, and in instruction system to supply aid in cut downing reading troubles in kids ( Reading Recovery National Network,2006 ) . Savage, John ( 1994 ) pointed out that Reading Recovery which is a plan works otherwise for each kid who is in demand of this plan. Choice of kids for this plan based on the study which is submitted by the instructor, and a study about what kid has cognition of letters and constructs about print procedure, text reading. In add-on, the plan starts with what kid is to hold the ability to make, so it concentrate on what they are seeking to larn and work what child demand to larn about reading ( Reading Recovery National Network,2006 ) . Harmonizing to Chapman, Turner ( 2003 ) the plan is designed to work one-on-one direction for 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours for a period of 12 to twenty hebdomads through trained instructors. Furthermore, it is designed to regular schoolroom reading usher. In add-on, It is set out to help based on kid ‘s strengths. The chief concentration on one-on-one lessons is concentrate on groking the assorted messages in reading and pupils have the ability to construct messages in composing accomplishment ( Reading Recovery National Network ) . Harmonizing to Savage, John ( 1994 ) reading recovery include that: First: Reading Familiar Books: pupils tend to read books that they enjoy. and instructors will detect how child read this book so they will help the kid while kids are reading this book. Second: Appraisal of reading schemes: the pupils will hold a book that have ne'er read it, in the old lesson, the kid will read that book for the instructor, so the instructor will utilize recording equipment while the kid is read. Third: Working on Letter acknowledgment: The pupil will be trained to look at the different letters, and begins to be familiar with them. Fourthly: Introducing new books: The instructor will take a figure of different books that are suited for pupil ‘s reading degree. Finally: Reading new books: The instructor will demo a new book for the pupil, and so the pupil will be supposed to read it in the following lesson. In add-on, the instructor and pupil will discourse the book and supply aid to fix for the apprehension of the narrative in that book before read it. It is clear that Reading plan was designed to run into the particular the single demands of reader who has troubles in reading, which seems different from kid to child. Working Individually with pupils, fixing lessons depend on the single demands of the kid, will assist to develop kids ‘s reading ( hapman, Iversen, & A ; Tunmer 2005 ) . It is clear that the reading recovery has extended one-on-one direction. Not surprising to anyone that Intensification of the plan and work separately with pupils which is influential to present of intercession for those pupils who have reading troubles. Recent research indicates that the method of one-on-one is more effectual in learning in regular categories that lead to accomplishing the single demands for each pupil ( Chapman, Tunmer 2003 ) . Reading Recovery Council ( 2006 ) pointed out that many of the kids are in different degrees reading accomplishment, constitution of lesson for all pupil is non ever effectual to that a pupil who does non understand what may be understood by other kid and therefore instructors can make a lesson that will incorporate five elements: working with letters, reading books which are familiar to pupil, observe and record what is read by the pupil and reading new course of study ( Barnes, Bonnie 1996 ) . it is possible to help pupils achieve effectual reading public presentation by the single demands of them early. In add-on, working separately with pupils to steer them educating reading schemes every bit good as to supply some clip for the application so that they will be capable to accomplish in grade phase ( Educational Commissions System of the States 2000 ) . It seems clear that the scheme of one-on-one which allows instructors to supply pupils all remarks, regards and inquiries that the instructor knows a pupil who has the ability to reply those inquiries. In add-on to, the reading recovery instructors have the ability to assist the pupil and give feedback for the work he is making ( Barnes, Bonnie 1996 ) . On the other manus, Reading recovery will take 30 proceedingss for each pupil.It must take into history that there are some things that may be impact the pupils when they are in the schoolroom, for illustration: yearss of unwellness, field trips and workshops ( Barnes, Bonnie 1996 ) . Barnes, Bonnie ( 1996 ) indicate that clip consuming is one of the jobs related to educating Reading Recovery through the sum of paperwork which are side by side with the instruction of reading recovery to single pupils. For illustration, a written analysis of the strengths and failings of the kid, the study of the outlooks of advancement through the designation of long-run and short-run ends to child day-to-day lesson programme. Another drawback of reading recovery is instructors. Many instructors do non normally have support from their co-workers in the school every bit good as they have trouble in entree to feedback on their lessons. Furthermore, there are many instructors in the schoolroom do non hold a sense of the impact of reading recovery plan on the kids because it is presented merely one or two pupils in their schoolrooms ( Baronial, Jo Anne 1995 ) . In add-on, There are many instructors who are working merely has the half-time reading recovery instructor. Therefore, they have the ability to service merely approximately eight kids each academic twelvemonth. In add-on, many schools have about a 100 and 50 first class pupils f, this is grounds that merely about sex or seven per centum of kids have the ability to have reading recovery programme ( Barnes, Bonnie 1996 ) . As has been mentioned before the end of reading recovery is to steer kids in larning techniques and aid to pattern clip, kids have the ability to present on class degree ( Frankas, George 2000 ) .However, reading recovery is working, irrespective of economic position, gender and societal position of the group of kids that led to the acceleration of the effectual advancement this programme ( Educational Leadership 1990 ) . Centre, Wheldall ( 1992 ) pointed out that to do reading recovery programme more effectual must alter three elements: Behavioural alteration in instructors. The child behavior alteration acquired through instructors. There is a demand for the school to alter the regulative demands for decision makers and instructors. It is clear that the consequences of reading recovery plan is that it offers effectual intercession for pupils in grade school and so intervention, alternatively of falling into the failure in reading troubles for these kids. In add-on, it is supplying strong support for instructors and enable them to go more effectual in reading recovery programme. Furthermore, the most of import result of the plan is to be has figure of kids in classs 2-6 to hold a few jobs in reading troubles one time and so the plan is implemented efficaciously and right ( Baronial, Jo Anne 1995 ) . 3.4 Issues associated with intercession It is often point out that there is contention about how to construct effectively intercession plan. Researcher will show the most of import factors agreed for possible success in the planning and production of the right intercession plan. First, it taking into history the appraisal processs and scrutiny in psychological science that can explicate precisely what are the accomplishments which need to develop in kids. Harmonizing to Fawcett and Lynch ( 2000 ) to analyze dyslexia trial ( designed by Nicolson and Fawcett, 1996 ) will be the most successful for all the instructors to their schools. In add-on, this trial has become extremely efficient because it is interested in semantic and verbal eloquence every bit good as cognition of Numberss. Another ground which is how rapidly the application of this trial. For illustration, it is take one minute to the undertaking of authorship and one minute in the accomplishment of reading, furthermore, spelling and other accomplishments that cou ld take two proceedingss. Harmonizing to Pumfrey and Reason ( 2001 ) heighten the measure and quality of cognitive development of kids is important factor to make the appropriate intercession for them, it is of import to take into history to verification that intercession at the earliest clip that in order to that this process may non take to a hold which is unwanted for kids who have reading troubles. In the same context, we may stress that the appraisal processs and scrutiny demand to be more focal point by that phase, even before the application to avoid any future jobs ( Talcott, , 1997 ) . However, the research worker as a instructor for particular instruction every bit good as lector at the Department of Special Education recognizes that there are no trials in a unvarying and there is a clear deficiency of rating of classs in schools in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that this is an chance for the research worker to obtain the right method of measuring and testing for kids who have troubles reading in schools and the transportation of these steps and the right schemes for the development of the educational procedure in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Talcott, ( 1997 ) indicate that there is an Other factor which is related to people who may play an active function of sensing of kids who have dyslexia. Therefore, there are some people around the kids who have larning troubles and they who provide full attention to relieve the troubles that may be in these kids every bit good as they are seeking to happen the appropriate methods in educational procedure such as, parents, professionals every bit good as specializers in wellness attention4. Teaching Methods of Reading Skills for Children with DyslexiaAs has been mentioned before is that in fact the intercession to turn to reading troubles in kids with dyslexia is a successful scheme to supply support appropriate for them. But it is often point out that, it is to look for on the strengths and failings of the scholar and acquisition manners appropriate through the school by the instructor, which is suited to the demands of each person. Because it is known to us that each and every kid with dyslexia is different harmonizing to the file and map of cognitive and learning manners appropriate to him ( Reid,1997 ) .4.1 Whole Language DirectionHarmonizing to the survey carried out by Frank, 1978, it was holding an impact in back uping the Whole Language Instruction, learning reading is a natural opposite number to larn to talk the sense of larning to read natural. In add-on, Whole Language Instruction may concentrate on instruction to be of entire to the portion and non frailty versa ( e.g. larning the accomplishments non included in the Whole linguistic communication direction ) , and larning to compose must happen through merriment activities functional significance, and the focal point on instruction precedence, alternatively of maintaining the roots. Furthermore, it consenter on the scholar who is the centre of instruction instead than the course of study and instruction should be based on single interaction. It is clear that it may back up instruction in a societal environment. Furthermore, the instructor is the 1 who set the course of study to be constructs are interrelated instead than spliting them up into multiple accomplishments or subsets of content and rating focal points on the strengths of the scholar. It seems that Whole Language Instruction is a tool to cover with the category and adjust and it may provides deprived pupils to be able to get the better of reading jobs ( Pressely, 1994 ) . However, harmonizing to Mather ( 1992 ) Whole Language Instruction squad believe that retail could interrupt larning procedure, so they are opposed to direct instruction of encryption, because it split the linguistic communication into separate cartridge holders and accomplishments, which may take to the linguistic communication is non used, every bit good as a waste of clip. The Whole Language Instruction may supply intending to the texts and it is concentrating on both reading and authorship , as learn the regulations of linguistic communication may be done without the demand to learn voice. It is clear that Educators and research workers stress fact that acquisition may be the best when there is gratifying environment for larning and scholar will be active participant in larning procedure every bit good as the instructor must take into history single differences between kids. These rules focus upon the manner of Whole Language Instruction in larning to read, the kid will read full text and so he begins to acknowledge words and letters with assisting by instructor and the kid will experience motive when he is reading and that is the most of import demands, which increases the capacity of the kid with dyslexia to larn to read right ( Fuhler,1993 ) Learner ( 2000 ) pointed out that there are rudimentss of learning reading troubles by utilizing method of Whole Language Instruction as followers: First: Reading is one of the elements of internal linguistic communication which is really close to unwritten linguistic communication and written linguistic communication, so instructors who use this method confirm the linguistic communication written and unwritten reading lead to the kid will be improved, when he learn to read and there is a relationship between lingual exposure in kids and reading troubles, kids who have linguistic communication jobs or mobility are likely to develop jobs in composing in the early phases. Second: The method of verbal linguistic communication may be acquired by the natural usage, harmonizing to the instructors who use Whole Language Direction that kids may larn to talk without the demand for particular preparation and this means that kids will larn to read of course through exposure to larn to read by concentrating on linguistic communication and books which related to eloquence of linguistic communication. Finally: Teachers who use the method of Whole Language Instruction avoid usage of separate instruction which does non concentrate on the nexus between parts of the significance of linguistic communication, every bit good as the manner of learning that focuses on usage of separate exercisings, and they believe that books that divide natural linguistic communication into little pieces and cryptic that could do instruction is hard. In add-on, Whole Language Instruction users think that acquisition of characters is usually by manner of instruction, it is clear that larning of letters should non be separate, but it is usually acquired through reading.4.2 Code- accent DirectionIt is clear that we should understand the schemes of coding in Whole Language Instruction or amusing reading ( Orthographic ) , which are one of the schemes that provide the chance to kids to read the words by this method because they saw these words for many times. Therefore, they have image of the words in the long -run memory, the image of words are non required to be stored in the same format and fount but it will be simply images. To utilize this scheme, the reader should has cognition of the alphabet and how to treat nexus this letters together. Furthermore, there are many of readers who tend to utilize this scheme because they have the satisfaction for the words through usage of a figure of back-to-back times as a consequence, they are willing to retrieve these words at any clip. However, when they are exposed to new words so they tend to utilize method of Code- accent Instruction so they used the analysis of these words and read them ( Hoien,2000 ) . Harmonizing to Learner ( 2000 ) kids with dyslexia frequently need to direct acquisition and systematic preparation on reading because the direct preparation on the accomplishments of voice reading is important due to the primary undertaking which is a specific portion which is used subsequently for reading comprehension. However, kids who start to larn to read easy, they will go readers are strong subsequently. It is clear that Code- accent Instruction is effectual in that the reader have a wide reading accomplishments in school and In the external environment, he will be able to read any text editions or other books. In add-on, Intensive reading may supply the chance for the growing of constructs and verbal cognition for how to compose and read the text. Therefore, kids who do non larn by this method they will be deprived for this chance to develop their accomplishments, because they began by a weak method as a consequence, they did non enable them to Intensive reading so, their re ading accomplishments will be less that lead to they had negative experiences of literacy. However, surveies and research indicated that the usage of method Code- accent Instruction which lead to high tonss for trials of reading accomplishment. Furthermore, it may take to fluency in reading the words, because spelling procedure for the words will go automatic when the kid have a good ability to analysis and synthesis. In add-on, it has maps system or consideration of footings between letters and sounds, and when the kid learns by maps that will be able to analyse the word and use these information to bring forth the right pronunciation for written words. Furthermore, there is another method called ( Analogy ) which is used by many instructors to educate kids with reading troubles. In this method, the kid may utilize his old cognition to reading the new words, for illustration, if he reads the word ( Hand ) as a consequence, he will has the ability to read the word ( sand ) by benefit of his old cognition for the similar letters in the first word. Therefore, he can utilize lingual cognition such as lingual and grammatical regulations in easing the procedure of reading ( Hoien, 2000 ) . It is often point out that different theoretical accounts of pupils require different theoretical accounts of learning methods. It is clear that both Whole Language Instruction and Code- accent Instruction are effectual in learning reading to pupils with dyslexia. However, a group of specializers in the field of larning troubles ( GoswamI, Torgesen, Wayekp and Bryant ) pointed out that there is a inclination to prefer Code- accent Instruction to learn pupils with reading troubles ( Beech,1994 ) .5. Facilitating dyslexia friendly schoolsHarmonizing to Nicolson ( 2001 ) â€Å" The phase is set for set abouting ambitious, multi-disciplinary, multi-perspective undertakings aimed at redefining the field of dyslexia and larning troubles as the field of larning abilities †. It is clear from this position we should understand the complexness of how to clearly specify which school scenes are more appropriate for Learning Difficulties students. That is to state it that it is the instan ce of supplying the dyslexia-friendly school demand to turn to some issues that would do a batch of difference such as distinguishing larning methods to fit assorted larning methods. Additionally, it is necessary raise the issue of happening community financess for developing instructors who wish to work with LD students and preparing of human resources and leading within the educational establishments in developing states to do dyslexia-friendly school certainly successful. Furthermore, the issue of learning schemes should be dealt with greater attending, that is to state one successful learning method is non needfully suitable for all LD students which are the most of import. demand to advance the best apprehension for experiencing frustrated that the pupils have larning troubles. To supportive of all students is unimpeachably the nucleus kernel of inclusive doctrine which might intend besides distinction of their trouble or ability. In add-on, it can be practical theory to bespeak the possibility of using the construct of ‘equal chances ‘ . it seems that there are about 10 per centum of the population is to hold dyslexia, it means that there may be benefit greatly from learning methods for all dyslexia through the acquisition of cognition, every bit good as that of ordinary kids to rush up reading, composing and mathematical accomplishments ( BDA, 2003 ) . MacKay ( 2003 ) showed an account of effectual achieve success of dyslexia friendly school â€Å" In a dyslexia friendly school, weak basic accomplishments are non a barrier to accomplishment †. If we pay more attending to this simple statement, it seems that all kids with dyslexia have failing in the chief acquisition countries, nevertheless, it should run into these countries, which do non forestall the committedness by seting instructors accomplishments and they develop all the failings they have. British Dyslexia Association references to an effectual scheme for friendly schools for dyslexia through seven elements of effectual support it. Decision It has been discussed that each kid has a alone single profile, character, penchants, abilities and troubles. This, dyslexic students are more varied personally and against their opposite numbers in their acquisition processing and techniques seemingly in all phases of school scenes. Undoubtedly, they have their ain potencies and strengths which must be broaden and improved expeditiously. However, they have failings in academic accomplishments sometimes presented in reading or/and composing which are to be exhaustively developed via brand usage of assorted types of individualised intercession every bit good as proviso of an effectual instruction methods. These methods should be provided merely through good trained/certified instructors. If these schemes is applied and demonstrated efficaciously, at that clip merely, we could imagine great trade of alteration and believe that reading troubles of dyslexic students reduced well. It is rather clear that there must be a strategic end for all of us as parents, faculty members, educational research workers and instructors to ease dyslexic friendly schools. This end should be consistent in advancing positive policies towards dyslexic students peculiarly in LEA ‘s every bit good as profiting other students who have the ability to acquire advantage from inclusive instruction scenes. This inclusive instruction has been implemented in Saudi since 1997. Hundreds of certified instructors graduated from assorted universities to learn LD students. However, importance should be emphasized upon LEA ‘s in Saudi Arabia where is more advancement and betterment needed to take topographic point.
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