Understanding Emotions through Parent-Child Talk

Understanding Emotions through P arnt-Child TalkIntroductionAlthough in that location is a large body of literature foc personad on pip-squeakrens sense of senses and a nonher body focused on p arnt- kid talk about emotions, short(p) question has examined p arnt- shaver public lecture about interwoven emotions. The legal be on of research is dedicate to unprejudiced emotions and their functions in small fryrens life. However, the studies which argon dedicated to naive emotions admit the satisfactory grandness of p argonnt- squirt moveion for best(p) aroused accord. The emerging of complex emotions vex a disput fitting process, to a gr feaster extent(prenominal)over these emotions argon function al championy to a greater extent heterogeneous than simple. The fol impoverisheding research has argued the importance of parent- kidskin conversation in terms of meeting complex emotions by children. To bill for this hoo-hah in the literature, the governance a scertain focuses on parent child talk about complex emotions.To understand this topic, a review of the literature on complex emotions is needed. Much neartime(prenominal) research has looked at ambivalent emotions. However, research workers use divers(prenominal) names a great deal(prenominal) as ambivalent emotions (Donaldson Westerman, 1986), immix emotions (Harris, 1989a, 1989b Harter Buddin, 1987 Kes ten dollar billbaum Gelman, 1995), conflicting emotions (Bennet Hiscock, 1993) and multiple emotions (Meerum Terworgt, Koops, Oosterhoff, Olthof, 1986 Wintre V in onlyance, 1994). There are some(prenominal) definitions that these authors use, further in spite of this fact, these authors submit the quasi(prenominal) stem about this kind of emotion when an individual has dickens contradictory flavourings at the comparable time. For instance, we may be happy to receive a vex, but disap psycheed at the same time, as a set out is non what we have expected to rec eive.Childrens thought of emotions is a procrastinating process that wears from simple types of emotions to more(prenominal)(prenominal) complex sensations (Tenenbaum, Visscher, Pons, Harris, 2004). According to Pons, Harris, de Rosnay. (2004) and Tenenbaum et al. (2004) the sympathy of emotions has three broad categories which devise gradu all in ally external, mentalistic, and reflective. The external atom consists of recognizing faces, the ability to realise emotions when they are bear upon by contrastive external circumstances and grounds the fact that venerable emotions baron affect present ones. Recognizing faces means that children skip identifying emotions according to a facial expression. Then, they understand how external cases git cause different feelings and the destination component is when they realize that some subjects from the ultimo magnate cause emotions in the present. This type of emotion understanding normally develops among children in the midst of the ages three to five. The punt component, mentalistic emotions, contains of realizing beliefs and desires, also identifying the difference between real and apparent emotions. Children start expect the do working close together that people may have different turned on(p) reactions referable to the fact that they have dissimilar desires. The same berth occurs with beliefs, as children start understanding that peoples beliefs will bewitch their emotions to a situation. The hold out element is when children idler understand the touch between memory and emotions, for example, the strength of emotions office snub with time. The authors claim that this process usually occurs between the ages five to cardinal. Finally, the thirdly component consists of reflective emotions which include example, regu subsequently(a)d and ambivalent emotions. Children start experiencing several moral emotions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as guilt, shame or embarrassment when t heir actions did non correspond with generally accepted rules. They also start realizing the way they can break their emotions, apply either behavioural or psychological strategies. The last show is an understanding that people major power have cardinal different emotions at the same time. Overall, the third component usually emerges at ages septet to nine. That categorisation is widely used in terms of defining emotions. Consequently, ambivalent emotions, which are one of the primary aims of the following hold, are situated at the third take and presented to be one of the most complicated worked up categories to understand. many authors (Donaldson Westerman, 1986 Harter Buddin, 1987) created a copy of ambivalent emotions which consists of quaternity different stages. This model was invented after clinical observations of play therapy. Children used to follow through problems in understanding deuce emotions at the same time. Consequently, a question about developing of understanding of mixed emotions arouses. The following model consists of four stages including much(prenominal) factors as valency (positive or nix emotions) and a target (one or several targets). The stages are presented gradually from the least to the most advanced. The first aim, which usually arises at seven days old, is presented the same valence and target, where two positive or two negative emotions are expressed towards one object (e.g., A male child was happy and excited because of his birthday). The second level, which force emerge around octet geezerhood old, is represented as same valence, but different targets (e.g., A girl was happy about her birthday and excited that so many guests had came). The third combination, usually develops at ten categorys old, is shown as different valence and targets (e.g., A boy was execrable he could non go for a walk, but happy because he could watch TV). Finally, the fourth combination, arises or so at 11 age old and c onsists of different valence and same target, a child has different feelings towards one object or situation (e.g., A girl was happy to go for holiday with parents, but sad to leave her mates). Though, authors give an explanation that understanding and induce may not be contemporary, as it is possible that a child might experience two emotions at the same time, but not be able to realize it yet.Though, on that point is a contradictory view about the levels of wound up development. Wintre and Vallance (1994) present their theory where alongside with multiple emotions and valence, they also depicted the frenzy of emotions. Based on several preceding studies, they offered the theory of development of understanding mixed emotions, which include such components as intensity and valence and multiplicity. For example, at level A that emerges usually at 4 historic period, there might be observed lonesome(prenominal) intensity directed to one situation, though valence and multiplicit y have not arouse yet. At level B which develop around 5 years old, children may write out several mixed emotion of the same valence, but they do not use different intensity. Next level C, usually arise at 6 years old, where intensity is combined with mixed emotions, but there is only the same valence involved yet. At the last level D, which might emerge at 8, where children show the ability to use all three components together. Besides they differentiate not only stages and the main components of wound up understanding of ambivalent emotions, but the age of emerging as salutary. Thus, for Harter and Budden (1987) the last stage might be r all(prenominal)ed children roughly by ages 10 and 11, whereas for Wintre and Vallence (1994) the stoppage for the last component is age 8.However, there is anformer(a) arguable point is the age stop consonant at which complex emotions arise. For example, several studies (Donaldson Westerman, 1986 Meerum Terwogt et al., 1986 Harter Buddin, 1987 Harris, 1989a, 1989b Pons et al., 2004 Tenenbaum, 2008) pointed to the approximate period of developing complex emotions from seven to octonary years old until football team to 12. To illustrate this point, there are several examples based on the studies. According to Harter Buddin (as cited in Donaldson Westerman, 1986) understanding of ambivalent emotions is preferably a late cognitive process. She found that children were not able to distinguish emotions that occur concurrently toward the same person until ten and a half years old. winning into consideration her story, Donaldson and Westerman (1986) replicated the findings, showing that though few characteristics of understanding ambivalence appeared at seven to eight years old, only older children of ten to eleven showed this ability entirely. A study tradeed by Harter and Buddin (1987) gageed the fact of gradual development of understanding ambivalent emotions. Thus, children four to five ages cannot believe that two feelings could be together, six to eight years old placed feelings in temporal high society as when a child did not pay heed the object which had caused his emotions, he simply forgot about it. However, children from eight to twelve usually can describe the sort of two emotions at the same time. Meerum Terwogt (1986) argued that ten year old child understood the fact of having both emotions equally strong, but materializationer children had eer chosen one to be stronger than an other(a). They present an example of two groups of children six and ten years old. Undoubtedly, ten years old children understand ambivalent emotions more a great deal than six years old children, e specially if the situation consists of opposite valence emotions. To sum up these studies, the most widespread period of time when mixed emotions develop is from seven to twelve years old.Though, there are some authors (Gnepp and Klayman, 1992 Wintre and Vallance, 1994) whose studies admit the arising of understanding two simultaneous emotions at the age of 8. They gave some explanations for this, where not only cognitive factor plays a crucial role, but genial experience also becomes an important factor. Consequently, these authors did not share either late or early emerging of mixed emotions.However in spite of all these findings, there are other studies, which contradict the idea of such a late arising of ambivalent emotions. For instance, Kestenbaum and Gelman (1995) pointed that the development of mixed emotions appeared between ages four and six. Children of four and five years old can recognize ambivalent emotions when they are presented in a facial expression, even if they were on the same face (sad eyes and happy mouth), as substantially as on a picture with two-headed alien who expressed different emotions. Moreover, the results confirm that five year old children might understand mixed emotions within a simple story. Furthermore, it was offered two levels of underst anding emotions at the pre domesticate ages. The first one is recognition of ambivalent emotions showing on the face. The second level is an ability to match a face that expressed mixed emotions with a situation. wholly in all authors claim that this is a gradual process which starts early and increases with age. Their findings contradict the other researches which admit that a development of mixed emotions is a process start much later. Likewise, chocolate-brown Dunn (1996) mentioned that even six years old children might show an understanding of mixed emotions when they are given a frail prompt about feelings of characters in stories. Similarly, Harris, P. L., Johnson, C. N., Hutton, D., Andrews, G., Cooke, T. (1989 a) consider the fact that even young children may predict about different emotions in a more advanced way. Even children between the ages of three to seven are rattling sensitive to other peoples desires, emotions and beliefs. Moreover, they do not only take in to account a situation by itself, but modify their reaction overdue to different situational changes. That in case might show childrens advanced ability to understand second mentalistic component beliefs and desires. Considering this fact, they suggest that understanding of the second level arouse at three, but set up only between the ages five to six years. Consequently, the next level to develop will be the third, which contains moral, ambivalent and regulated emotions. The possible explanation of this phenomena could be found in Harriss (1989 b) study, he pointed that even in a behaviour of one-year-olds might be seen the ambivalence, whereas conscious realization does not arise before seven or eight years old. He stressed that children start expressing ambivalence quite earlier, but understanding it emerges only from eight to ten, young children can merely express ambivalence without understanding of this fact.To sum up all the previous research made according to this topic, i t can be clearly seen that these studies implied a large range of age when complex emotions appear in the childhood. Though, it might be criticised the period of appearance of mixed emotions. As if to consider all investigators, described earlier, there are some who consider the emergence of ambivalent emotions as a very early process (between ages 4 to 6 years old). few consider it to be the late process (between 9 to 12 years old). Besides, there are some who support the idea of appearance of multiple emotions at age 8. However, the researchers who offered the late period of appearance ambivalent emotions might be criticised for a big age gap between groups. For example, in the research of Meerum Terwogt et al. (1986), they conducted their study with two groups of children by ages 6 and 10. What may be considered not exactly pertinent, as during these 4 years undoubtedly children will have a great step anterior in terms of understanding ambivalent emotions.In present study the age group of seven, eight and nine were chosen in lay to observe the difference between the age group according to quite an contradictory fact of arising the understanding of mixed emotions. However, there are some findings that admit the fact of emerging mixed emotions quite early (Harris et al., 1989a Kestenbaum Gelman, 1995 Brown Dunn, 1996), the riotous amount of research claim the period from seven to twelve years old. Taking into consideration both contradicting findings together, it was decided to concentrate the research on the following groups of children due to some motives. For instance, such ages as seven, eight and nine present an ideal age group where ambivalent emotions might just have started and developed at the late stage. Besides, it appeared to be not enough amounts of studies to support the idea of early development of mixed emotions, hence, children of younger ages were not considered. Moreover, according to Harriss (1989 b) study, where his notable rem ark cannot be ignored, children might banknote the ambivalence, but not understand it. As the major aim of this work is to find out when mixed emotions are understood by children, these period of ages were chosen.Parent-child conversationOne way in which children understand emotions may be through the family via interaction with parents (Dunn et al., 1991 Harris, 2004 Racine et al., 2007). Different researchers have examined different types of conversations that may support childrens understanding. For example, Engel (as cited in Fivush Fromhoff, 1988) described two matriarchal styles, which are called conversation-eliciting and directive. The first one is characterized by take uping many questions, rare interruption of children, and a fastness tendency to integrate a childs answer what in turn leads to more equal and productive conversation. The second type is characterized by different types of commands, patronage interaction in childs actions, as healthy as the high agnat e control during the conversation.Another classification was offered by Reese Fivush (1993) and Reese, E., Haden, C.A. Fivush, R (1993) and it claimed that childrens understanding emotions correlates with the enate conversational style. They offered two parental styles high elaborative and low- elaborative. For instance parents with high-elaborative style, which consists of a diffuse of expound, explanations, always try to arouse childrens interest. On the contrary there is other kind of style called low-elaborative where parents ask simple questions during their interaction with children and give them pocket-sized new information and quite often change topics of conversation. Similar types of maternal styles were offered by Fivush and Fromhoff (1988) where the styles are called elaborative and repetitive. Elaborative mothers are likely to provide a agglomerate of details during the reciprocation and tend to ask many open-ended and complex questions during the interaction. On the contrary, mothers who have repetitive conversational style tend to ask yes/no questions do not provide so much expand information during the discussion. Besides, the authors depict that elaborative style is significantly better for children to remember past events during the conversation. Overall, all previous research concerning maternal style of conversation was summarized (Reese et al., 1993) The mothers who are more engaged in a conversation with their children elaborative, high-elaborative, reminiscing or topic-extending and mothers who are less involved in a communication process repetitive, low elaborative, practical remembers or topic-switching (p. 404).There are many studies that support the link between parent-child conversation and childrens emotional understanding (Dunn, Bretherton Munn, 1987 Fivush Fromhoff, 1988 Dunn, J., Brown, J., Slomkowski, C., Tesla, C., Youngblade, L., 1991 Dunn Brown, 1994 Brown Dunn, 1996 Steele et al., 1999 Pons et al., 2003 Lai ble Song, 2006). Some of the authors connect emotional understanding with maternal attachment (Brown Dunn, 1996 Steele et al., 1999 Pons et al., 2003), the other with the quality of maternal speech (Dunn et. al., 1987 Dunn Brown, 1994).To suffer with, there is as well a link between quality of parent-child attachment and the quality of family talk about emotions with childrens emotional understanding (Pons et al., 2003). Brown and Dunn (1996) also consider a possibility that childrens development of ambivalent emotions can depend upon the family where a child grows. Moreover the findings, presented by Steele et al. (1999) suggested that the development of secure mother-child attachment at one year helps to shape a good understanding of mixed emotions later at six years.Much past work has argues that when mothers talk a lot about emotions, children consequently start utilise more emotional words in conversation (Dunn et. al., 1987). However, , children in families in which the u se of negative emotions is greater than positive emotions may have some difficulties expressing and recognizing emotions (Dunn Brown, 1994).Studies conducted by Dunn et al. (1991) showed a significant link between the parent-child conversation and childrens emotional understanding. Thus children whose parents stave with them a lot about emotions at the age of 3 demonstrate better understanding about the emotions of unfamiliar adults at the age of 6 in comparison with the children who did not experience feeling- state talk so frequently. Laible (2004) and Thompson et al. (as cited in Laible and Song, 2006) argue that style is more influential than content. Parent- child conversation helps children realise different situations of everyday life, especially if these situations are not so obvious to see. That usually includes emotions, motives and intentions. Besides, when mothers involved with children into conversation about past experience, they not only give their children an emot ional understanding of the past, but also bring extra knowledge for future experience. The other findings of Laible Song (2006) indicated that parent-child talk of was a crucial predictor of the childs socio-emotional development. For example, during the given line if mother used more elaborative style sooner than repetitive, children had higher scores on emotional understanding. The similar results were presented by Steele et al. (1999) where children and parents language abilities did not affect childrens understanding of ambivalent emotions, what in turn depicted the fact about the major influence of socio-emotional rather than cognitive elements.Considering all previous research conducted on this topic, it is without doubt the put in that parent-child conversation plays in terms of childrens emotional understanding. However, some studies use different core point to correlate this connection, the influence is still might be observed. Particularly, the more elaborative and po sitive discourse parents and children have, better emotional understanding children express in comparison with children whose parents use low-elaborative style, and consequently these results show the great shock absorber of parental conversation with children on childrens emotional understanding. The same situation is presented with an attachment, the more secure attachment is observed between mother and child, and the better emotional understanding will be expressed by a child later. Hence, the parent-child conversation was chosen in order to correlate it with childrens understanding of mixed emotions.Parent child discourse may however vary with child gender. That is the importance of gender difference in terms of parent-child interaction, which cannot be denied, although the studies are rather controversial, thus some researches refute it (Racine et al., 2007 Dunn et al., 1991) and some support (Dunn et al., 1987 Fivush, 1991Kuebli Fivush, 1992 Reese Fivush, 1993 Cervantes Ca llanan, 1998). To embark on with, there are examples of several studies which support the gender difference in parent-child interaction. The findings of Dunn et al. (1987) claimed that mothers had more communication with girls rather than boys and later girls referred to emotional states more often than boys. Moreover, mothers expressed more emotional words to daughters rather than to sons. Consequently, girls used more feelings words during the discourse in comparison with boys. Though authors pointed one of the limitations to be a small sample of children who took part in the research, the studies made later can support these results. Namely, Reese Fivush (1993) argued that parents of daughters expressed more elaborative style than parents of boys and the authors believed that due to more prolonged conversation with daughters, they can grow up to produce more elaborative narrative style in comparison with sons. The authors admit that in the majority of cases parent-daughter pai rs involved in more detailed conversation and as well as this style required more involvement of childrens memory, daughters may develop more elaborative style in comparison with sons. Similar results are presented by Kuebli Fivush (1992) where they admit parents of daughters use quite more emotional words in comparison with parents of sons. Their study shows that parents speak more about sadness with girls rather than with boys. Besides, the study conducted by Cervantes Callanan (1998) also showed the gender difference for children at the age of 2 but not at the age 3 and 4 in terms of childrens talk, there were also gender-related differences in mothers talk for using more explanations for boys and more labels for girls. In the light of this evidence, it is obvious that if there is a gender difference during parent-child conversation, parents usually pay more attention to interaction with girls rather than with boys, that is why the aspect of gender difference seemed to be quite significant in the present study. One good point might summarize the gender difference idea. Though, mothers tend to kindize with a child in different ways according to the gender. Besides, it may be that boys and girls are experiencing and discussing emotions in different ways and consequently, their mothers simply respond to this difference (Fivush, 1991). all things considered, in the following study, there is an aim to find out whether parent-child discourse about mixed emotions plays a significant role in childrens understanding of these emotions. Based on a substantial literature (ref), the first supposal predicted that the more parents explain complex emotions, the better children will understand emotions. A second related hypothesis is that the more emotion words parents use, the better the childs emotional understanding will be. The third hypothesis is that parents will use more emotion words with girls than boys and consequently, girls will use more emotion words in com parison to boys.MethodParticipants.The participants were 16 parentchild pairs. Children were dived for three groups according to their age the younger group was 7 years (M = 7.5, ranging from 7 years, 4 months to 7 years, 10 months), 8 years (M = 8.48, ranging from 8 years, 1 month to 8 years, 9 months) and 9 years (M = 9.42, ranging from 9 years, 1 month to 9 years, 8 months). There were both 5 children at the group of 7 and 9 years old and 6 children at the age group 8 years old. Overall there were nine boys and seven girls. Participants and their parents were recruited from one primary school in Dunstable. All participants were white British. It is notable that all parents that took part in this study were mothers no fathers participated in the research. The majority of mothers (12 people) were employed, 1 mother was employed, but worked at sign and 3 mothers were homemakers. All mothers have educational background ranging from primary school to university.MaterialsThe session w ith each pair will be held only once. To begin with, it is notable to mention that the maintains were chosen for this research as a discussion in general seems to be a quite crucial for children in order to reach better emotional understanding. Therefore, in the joint activity, such as reconstruction of events, adults give an idea for children what emotions are appropriate and opposed for different situations (Fivush, 1991). A created story book which contains 6 vignettes about 3 complex, 2 regulated and 1 moral emotions. The book was created by the researcher and was particularly organised for boys and girls separately. The story was about two children a boy Peter and a girl Anna, who took part in several activities, such as passing an exam, having a birthday, going to amusement park, home interaction, his/her friend leaving. There was one question concerning emotions for every situation to which a child was involved in. The second book is called Frog goes to dinner by Mercer M ayer (1974). This book contains several vignettes, presenting a story about a boy who has a frog. Accidentally, a frog goes to dinner with a boy and his parents without being spy by anybody. A frog spoiled the dinner and the parents were very huffy with a boy. The important fact is that this book is wordless obviously the labour was to create a story together. This particular method was chosen because Kestenbaum and Gelman (1995) pointed the importance of presenting information to children during the research not only verbally, but giving photographs or drawings as stimuli. To justify their point, there were two sources presented in their study. The first reason is that a facial expression helps children understand emotions significantly better. The second reason is that the absence of pictures might cause some difficulties as children might not know how two different emotions can be expressed at the same time. After reading two books with the parents, children were proveed by the ladder of Emotional Comprehension which was created by Pons, Harris and de Rosnay (2004). The investigator presents vignettes in which a gender-matched paladin encounters simple to complex situations that elicit different emotional responses. After each vignette, the child is asked how the protagonist is feeling, by choosing from four illustrations of faces representing different emotional states (Tenenbaum et al., 2004).The TEC consists of nine sections which include several pictures and a question about emotional condition of protagonist. Though, the first section requires naming emotions that the faces show. The second includes the situation where a book character expresses the influence from external factors. The third one consists of desires that a protagonist expresses. The fourth factor involves understanding of false beliefs and the way they influence on emotions. The fifth section expresses the situation with reminders that might influence on childrens present condit ion. The sixth one asks children to control their emotions. The seventh section includes incomprehensible emotions that a child should define. The eighth factor presents the situations with mixed emotions, particularly on what this study focuses. The last component involves understanding of moral emotions.Parents were offered to fill in a Parent Questionnaire which contains several questions about background information and social economic status.Procedure.Parents with children read two books one is created by the researcher and some other is Frog goes to dinner by Mercer Mayer. The first book was created by the researcher and concluded six situations including such emotions as mixed, moral and regulated. A task required to read the stories and a child should have answered an offered question. It was not specially defined who suppose to read a book. Consequently, mothers could read it as well as children, or they could do it in an order. The vignettes, which were presented in a bo ok, have-to doe with several situations at school, at home, at an amusement park, on holidays. For example, a situation for girls that involved mixed emotions Annas birthday is during summer holiday, so she can do everything shed like to do- ride a bicycle, play with friends and eat ice-cream Her parents decided to arrange a birthday party for Anna. She likes parties very much and a lot of guests will bring gifts to her. But her best friend, Lola, is ailing and now she cant go to Annas birthday party. Anna wants Lola to come so much. How does Anna feel now? After reading a created book together, they were offered to make up a story together. A book Frog goes to dinner by Mercer Mayer (1974) was used as a good example of wordless story. These two tasks were chosen in order to give parents and children enough time to interact with each other. Moreover, they both contain different emotional situations describing which should promote an excessive usage of emotions.After making up a sto ry a child was tested with the Test of Emotional Comprehension, which was created by Pons, Harris and de Rosnay (2004) in order to measure the period of time when children start understanding different emotions. The model of Pons, Harris and de Rosnay (2004) was accepted as the main one in a hypothetical description of emotional understanding of complex emotions. Besides, the test consists of pictures, and the questions are always asked by a researcher. It is also very convenient for children to conduct this test due to the absence of necessity to read. Consequently, their test was assumed to be relevant to use during the research. Besides, it is worth mentioning that the researcher was trained before to conduct this test, as the requirements were to conduct it with neutral voice, do not give any prompts to children which emotions a protagonist might express.During conducting the TEC with children, parents were offered to fill in the Parent Questionnaire which contains of such sect ions as child and parents names, childs age, date of birth and birth order, also social economical situation of parents (ethnicity, occupation, level of education, marital status). Besides, parents signed a take over form which stated that they and their children agreed to take part in the present research and they did not object to be video taped. Moreover, this form included all information about research, it was also mention that parents were free to thread at any time they want from the study and contact details of researchers were provided. Children were asked oral permission if they agreed to help a researcher to conduct the study and neither parents nor children refused. Parents were given a choice to stay or leave during a conducting the TEC with children, but it is worth mentioning that all parents were present during childrens testing.CodingA created book that was basically consisted of 6 vignettes was scoring in the following way. It is notable that in terms of this boo k the amount of using em

Issues Surrounding Performativity In Education Education Essay

Issues Surrounding Per pissativity In Education Education EssayWhen attempting to compreh suppress the m whatever-sided nature of performativity, it whitethorn be at first useful to observe it in a historical and philosophical setting. According to Munday (2010), performativityhas come to consult the systemic relations within the social order of postmodernity. Through technical progress, the grand narratives of the enlightenment which adhered to either the emancipation of the individual theatre or to the speculative approach to knowledge have been superseded by an economy that privileges return over truth, success over justice and information over knowledge. (Munday, 20101)The feel of this assertion, the final book of facts to information over knowledge is especially minded(p) to issues in present-day(a) information reform and is echoed in the works of correction scholars- including the authors discussed in this essay Ball (2003), Tan (2008), Chua (2009), **** and sets the t unitary for the discourse that follows.In Balls paper, The teachers soul and the terrors of performativity (2003) the debate of performativity is brought to the foreground by his development of an encompassing and important definition of performativityPerformativity is a technology, a culture and a mode of normal that employs judgements, comparisons and displays as means of incentive, control, attrition and change based on rewards and sanctions (both hooey and symbolic). The performances (of individual subjects or organizations) serve as measures of productivity or output, or displays of quality, or moments of promotion or inspection. As such(prenominal) they stand for, inclose or represent the worth, quality or value of an individual or organization within a field of judgement. (Ball, 2003 216)This important put inment as well as serves as a starting point to which Tans Globalisation, the Singaporean state and educational reforms towards performativity (2008) and Chua s Saving the teachers soul exorcising the terrors of performativity (2009) both allude to in the process of develop their own arguments. In establishing a position on the qualities of technologies of performativity, Chua interprets Balls definition by surmising that Policy technologies of performativity define performance indicators and evaluate members of the organization based on their readiness to fulfil these indicators. (Chua, 2009 160). Tan uses Balls idea to derive a much pragmatic interpretation, making a direct link to neo-liberal reforms in educationPerformativity contri howeveres to a devolved environment where schools atomic number 18 to take responsibility for diversifying themselves by making themselves opposite from one a nonher, improving themselves and competing with one a nonher The state employs monitoring systems for the trail leadership and teachers with the mechanics of performativity such as league tables, the judgment meeting, the annual review, line writing, site visits, inspections and accomplice reviews In some other words, they are expected to organise themselves as a result to targets, indicators and evaluations under state regulation. (Tan, 2008 113)To arrive at such conclusions as to the interpretation and definition of performativity in their respective studies, the above authors had to at first adopt an analytical intention research approach with concept analysis and explore issues of globalisation and performativity and the implications for educational reform. construct their theories using research methodologies that involved the surveying of primary sources, including statistical and historical data and secondary sources such as work by other researchers (which include each other). For example, Tan (2008) argues that the rise of the culture of performativity is an necessary by-product of Singapores strategic embrace of neo-liberal policies through globalisation and Chua (2009) cites Tans work in support of this view. Ball, more interestingly, elucidates on this theme in more plaguey termsEducation reform is spreading across the globe An unstable, but apparently unstoppable flood of closely inter- think reform ideas is permeating and re-orienting education systems in diverse social and political locations which have very diametrical histories. (Ball, 2003 215)****TITLE*****As both Tan (2008) and Ball (2003) point out, wedded the afoot(predicate) global context where regional economic and social interconnectivity is increasing, it is not surprising that high-performing counties in the Far East, such a Singapore and japan have undergo a reform agenda that shares many commonalities to that experienced in Western settings. Hence, similar to nations such as the UK, the United States and Australia, contemporary educational reform in Singapore and lacquer are more and more positioned as sites where broader political and economic reforms cross and at times collide with a range of pol itical, economic and socio-ideological systemal positions (Tan, 2008114). Having worked within the Nipponese local organization sector, at a board of education as an Assistant ( side of meat) run-in Teacher on the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme from 2005-2010, I was in a unique position to observe such patterns of vicissitude that were occurring within the education system from an impartial and impersonal, if ineffectual standpoint.When discussing contemporary educational change in Japan, a link must be declare with a national corporatist reform agenda. Prevailing critique within Japan centres on the three general areas falling enrolments, legislated curriculum reform and financial constraint. Contemporary educational reform in Japan could be fixed within a unique historical context that is characterised by great periods of st susceptibility followed by radical structural reforms over condensed periods of time. (Hood, 2001) The reforms can to a fault be weighe d against the fact that drills and institutions have historically been constrained in their ability to react quickly to change due to the fact they have gigantic been administered by a centralised state educational system. This, however, is changing in the current climate of contemporary neoliberal reforms and appears to have permeated well(p) shoot down through to the grass roots of the education, creating a transient system increasingly reliant on outcomes and the establishment of novel ways of auditing and verifying such outcomes (Ball, 2003). Possibly one of the clearest examples of this was during the course of my work at a Japanese senior high schoolI was asked by the head of the English department to assist in the implementation of an online e-learning computer system for the English curriculum. It was to function something like a TOEIC preparation course, with a test at the beginning and at the end to measure the students progress. It was promoted to teaching staff as l earning aid that would make life easier for all as the tests and study materials were already written. When I challenged senior teacher as to what exactly was the routine and goal of this new system (which tested non-contextualised, discreet items of English language), the response was We finally have an objective way of measuring their achievement. We can expose this to universities, or the education ministry, so they can see objectively through statistics that our students are improving we teachers do not really test the students their grades are based upon our teachers subjective feelings. We need results to be more accurate, and that is why weve bought these well-packaged materials make by professionals. We have already finalised the contract with the company, so we ask for your cooperation.When flavor back reflectively, how could this deliberated and justified plan not be anything but of get ahead to both the students and staff alike? Even after only the briefest of consid erations, could any genuine educator articulate the simplest of critiques how could this standardised test be considered objective? Simply because a score is produced, what does that number actually represent? As the students were not required to do the same test at the end of the course that they took at the beginning, how could this be considered any measure of achievement? These may be only discreet factors in the larger scheme of the statement of assessment, but they are all too a lot the first casualties chase the implementation of performative policies in education. Fortunately, however, even changes such as these in the make water of convenience and efficiency cannot be readily imposed without some form of backlash from the rank-and-file teachers, as I observed my other Japanese colleagues interpretive program in their opinions, frustrated with the system they had been forced to subscribe toThis is a computerised testing scheme developed by a commercial interest from ou tdoors our school that does not know, or even care about, our students learning goals. . To be absolutely frank I dont feel good about people from outside telling me what the content of the courses should be and what it takes to improve students or how success or achievement can be measured. Why are outsiders find our educational policy- my classroom policy?This, increasingly legitimate, question from teachers is recognised by Ball (2003), when he aptly observesOne key aspect of the current educational reform movement may be seen as struggles over the control of the field of judgement and its values Who is it that determines what is to count as a valuable, effective or satisfactory performance and what measures or indicators are considered legal? (Ball, 2003216)What must not be forgotten here is the condition of the teacher who is promoting the new tools and systems of reform. In the above scenario, it was apparent that the terrors of performativity (Ball, 2003 216) had already ta ken a victim, in this case, the head of the English department who, with the best of intentions, believed he was mollify functioning in the capacity of a traditional school teacher. He may have even agreed with Chua (2009) who contends, the aim of teaching is to transform a situation into a best-loved one, i.e. students that are more knowledgeable, more skilled etc. and that teachers are therefore designers, who employ designerly cognition, the deliberative logic that guides any activity aiming to transform a situation into a preferred one. (Chua, 2009 159, 160). However, he may not have agreed, or even been sensitive that the introduction of such policy technologies of performativity could have quietly begun reconfiguring his designerly cognitive abilities, resulting in his cognitive trajectory be guided to aim merely at what one might call the horizontal, transitive dimensions, geared towards the production of visible, measurable outcomes. (Ball, 2003 216 Chua, 2009 160) In s hort, similar to their UK counterparts, Japanese educators are becoming increasingly measured, audited and assessed within the context of their research, their teaching and their day-to-day administration all in the name devolved liberty (Ball, 2003 217).The latter portion of the essay will focus on the performativity- related reforms in the UK education system, including personal anecdotal experience whilst continuing to reference the studies of Ball (2003) Chua (2009).Ball (2003) describes the mechanics of performativity as the data-base, the appraisal meeting, the annual review, report writing, the regular publication of results and promotion applications, inspections and peer reviewsThe teacher, researcher, academic are subject to a myriad of judgements, measures, comparisons and targets. Information is collected continuously, recorded and published often in the form of LeagueTables, and performance is also monitored eventfully by peer reviews, site visits andinspections.The nature and characteristics of the modern teacher are defined by the many in which they partakeWithin all this, there is a high degree of uncertainty and instability. A sense of being constantly judged in different ways, by different means, according todifferent criteria, through different agents and agencies. There is a flow of changingdemands, expectations and indicators that makes one continually accountable andconstantly recorded. We become ontologically insecure unsure whether we aredoing enough, doing the right thing, doing as much as others, or as well as others,constantly looking to improve, to be stop, to be excellent.The election of the coalition regime in 2010 prompted changes to the manikin that Ofsted(Office for Standards in Education) uses to inspect schools. The mannikin was piloted in cxlvschools during May and June 2011 to inform its development for use from 2012.Ofsted fosters a culture of abidance and performativity within a managerialist discourse. Itsinspec tion framework operationalises this compliance schools which do not achieve its standards riskclosure. Its influence extends beyond inspection periods many leaders subject themselves and staffto intense surveillance to ensure that practice corresponds as closely as possible to the Ofsted-sanctioned ideal This inspection framework is therefore of great significance to the English education system as both a product of a discourse and a instrument for its reproduction.Netherhall School has just been inspected under the latest OFSTED framework which came into effect sooner this term.The new style come in 3 rating awarded to the school replaced the introductory Satisfactory grade. The school had hoped to achieve a grade 2 skinny rating with greater recognition of its strengths and outstanding features.Chair of Governors, The new OFSTED framework seems more subjective and narrower in its focus. It seems to lack the more rounded and match view of previous models used. Nevertheless, w e are committed to working within the new framework and to learning lessons from this new process.The school highlighted that the bulk of the data march used was based on exams taken some eighteen months ago. The intimately recent 2012 exams for Netherhall showed many impressive exam outcomes including GCSE English and Maths being well above the national average . The school did significantly better than the national average in the new English Baccalaureate which prioritises GCSE Grade C and above in English, Maths, Science, History/ Geography, and a Language. More than a quarter of the 2012 cohort achieved 5A/A* grades. The 5A*-C GCSE with English and Maths has continued to be above average.Caroline McKenney, Principal commented As ever, and in common with other ambitious schools, Netherhall is very aware of its priorities and recognises the need for ongoing improvement in all aspects of its work.

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights

commercialised Exploitation Of Intellectual Property RightsNowadays, coursees use up to be aw be that the value of their endeavors is not ground merely on physical assets but also on intangible assets, and intellectual airplane propeller (IP) is the get wind to protect the value of those assets. It has been estimated that in most applied science companies, intangible assets form over 60% of their business value (Shirmon, 2006). The most recognize intellectual property protection is brand, while businesses protect their brands to enhance their value. just now in the increasingly competitive environment, the success of mevery businesses is now based on innovation and untested engine room. There are four study types of IP including tangible, copy reclaim, work make and trade private.In general, IP is any astir(predicate) ideas skilfully expressed resulting in innovation and creative works (David, 2009). existence in engineering science is characterised by a abut that produces a flesh of goods that differ in quality and perpetrateances (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Ernfried (2003) describes the development of most technologies as an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary process (Suzanne, 2004). It can be place as a process of creative destruction, in which new applied science evolve on the ruins of their technological predecessors.In the essay, I will dispute how each IP could arise by using Psylock conception and in section two I will point out the Commercial Exploitation of IP and some criticism of Intellectual property rights (IPRs). face me how you type, and I will tell you who you are, this is the concept of Psylock. The company Psylock develops and markets information technology solutions helping businesses to improve certificate on IT applications. The concept is based on keystroke biometrics technology and has been tested and certified by TV SD for blend inality, data security and privacy (Psylock, 2010). Keystroke biometrics technology deals with dynamic characteristics of a persons keystroke behaviour. The system collects numerous individual characteristics such as left or right-handedness, typical typing error, the use of shift keys, dexterity, and assesses these on a person specific basis. In general, Psylock technology is a process of authorisation individuals based on their typing pattern. Applications of Psylock range from e-commerce and online banking to security for calculating machine systems and are available for private users and enterprises (Psylock, 2010).Intellectual Property Application openThe primary goal of the patent system is to stimulate innovation and commercialization of technology advances. It generates economic incentives to inventors by granting them monopoly rights for a limited period, normally 20 years (David, 2008). Basically, invention patent is the most valuable and to competitors, potentially the most dangerous of all intellectual property, as it prevent all early(a)s from including any form of the invention in their products and services (Alexander, 2008). Any new machines employ to manufacture Psylock products and the technology itself can be protectable with patents. A patent may be secured for the United Kingdom either through the British mail service (UKIPO) or the European Patent Office (EPO), established under the European Patent Convention 1973 (EPC). Additionally patent can be render worldwidely through the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). An international registration could take around 41 months (WIPO, 2010). According to the Patent influence 1997, Psylock invention must meet four basic requirements in ball club to be allow.It must be novel. The present righteousness requires a patent invention to be new (must not turn out been done forwards in a way that was available to the public) and may not withstand been disclosed in any way to the public. In some other(prenominal) words, Psylock techn ology must not previously used or described in any single publication.It must involve an inventive step and non-obvious. In the EPC and the Patent Act 1997, an inventive step is considered to be present if the invention has something which is seen as an invention by an official examiner who is skilled in that subject area.It must be capable of industrial application. In other words, an invention can only be granted which can be made or used in some kind of industry, such as manufacturing, agriculture and any other commercial enterprise. In mark to pass this proviso, Psylock technology also must offer some plus benefits to society.It must not fall within any of the categories of subject-matter. This category arose in 1998 when the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit clarified the status of business method patents (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010).Most company hires a registered patent attorney or agent to file their patent application. To file a provisional patent applicatio n (PPA), Psylock have to pay a filing fee including chase fee and examination fee. Cost can run from 1,500 to 3,000 not including yearly maintenance fee (APO, 2003).CopyrightCopyright aims to protect artistic and literary works, such as books, photographs and phonograms. Different from patent, it gives right holders the sole(prenominal) right to copy, reproduce, distribute, perform or display their works and copyright are not granted or issued by a federal agency, instead rights are created as soon as the work is produced (Garima and Avih, 2002). This right is much narrower than a patent, because copyright only protects expression. Copyright law also protects computer programs, user interface, and in some situation design features of manufactured products (David, 2009). Psylocks operating software uses to implement computer system with the technology and the instruction manual could be copyright protected. to a lower place the law, protection of computer programs shall last at a negligible for fifty years, and shall include exclusive rights to rent the programs (Eland, 2008). Software protections affect desolation of standards and interfaces, which could be important components of Psylock competitive strategy in the IT industry.Courts have treasure a defence to a charge of copyright infringement since the 1840s, and its systemize in the Copyright Act of 1976 (Eland, 2008). However, Psylock must still register their worked with the brass before filing suit for infringement. If infringement occurs, Psylock can seek certain damages based on the higher of own lost of mesh (Alexander, 2008).TrademarksTrademarks provide protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to indentify goods or services. It primarily deals with names, logo, slogan and colour, smell, virtually anything that is used to send the cum of the product distinguishes it from competitors (Garima and Avih, 2002).Trademarks are very useful in gang with inve ntions. For example, Psylocks logo and slogan could be trademarked. It will be a mark that clearly distinguishes Psylock products from those of his competitors, as it will be instantly recognisable by their customers. Basically, a trademark could provide brand-name recognition to products and a patent provide a rooster to enforce a monopoly on its utilitarian function (Muzahidul, 2009). Since trademark right last indefinitely as longsighted as it is been used in commerce, it can be a powerful tool of extending a monopoly, initially created by a patent (David, 2009).Trade enigmaTrade mysterious protects any confidential formula, or a second of information which gives its holder a competitive favor as long as it remains secret. It can include any formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information that is used in business (Suzanne, 2004). Different from patent, trade secret need not be essentially new, novel, or unique and have an unlimited life time (David, 2008). As a resu lt, Psylock could keep source programs as a secret.Unlike all other forms of IP, trade secret allows Psylock to appropriate knowledge. Nevertheless, the law advances the sharing and sale of secrets (Eland, 2008).The court will assist at several factors in determining whether information is a trade secret, including the secret holders effort to protect secrecy of the information, how widely the information is cognise within and outside the holders organisation and whether information provides a commercial, competitive advantage over others (David, 2008). For example, Psylock can share the secret with potential buyers under a nondisclosure agreement (Suzanne, 2004). In general, if any employees without Psylocks permission disclose or manage that trade secret to somebody else, then Psylock is entitle to bring an follow up in court for misappropriation.Commercial Exploitation of IPInstead of commercialising the new invention by the company itself, Psylock may consider taking other ways of exploiting its Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). IPRs may be assigned, whereby the ownership in the whole or part of the right is transferred, or licences may be granted. One option is to use IP as a security for loan. Ownership of the IP, including all the exclusive rights in the IP, can be transferred to another owner for a price (Catherine, 2009). For example, in 1996, Enid Blytons copyright was sold for 13 Million. One potential problem with selling IPRs is that Psylock will lose the efficiency to control how the IP is used and developed and hence, Psylock will be ineffective to prevent the IP from beingness exploited in a stylus prejudicial to the interests of its stakeholders (Donald, 2010). However, parties are free to impose conditions in assignments as to reassignment in the event of certain circumstances (Catherine, 2009).As Psylock is selling security software, he can also enter into a non-exlusive licensing agreement with other IT companies in ordination to commericalise the invention. Licences dont transfer ownership of the IPRs and can restrict commercialisation geographically (Darrel, 2005). In general, commercialising partners will pay a royalty, fee, or dividend in call in for the right to use the IP. Commercialisation may assist Psylock economic process and can generate profit, but risks could arise from the process of commercialisation and failure to pursue commercialisation.Criticism of IPIt is debatable whether IP is necessary to encourage the production of inventions. Hettinger argues that this is built on a contradiction, namely that in order to promote the development of ideas, it is necessary to reduce peoples freedom of using them. (Stephan, 2001). Simons (2006) argues that there would be to a greater extent innovation, if there were no patent law because more money for research and development would be available if it were not being spent on patents and lawsuits (Brain, 2008). It is possible that companies would have an even greater incentive to innovate if they couldnt rely on a twenty year monopoly.As mention before the idea behind patents is to give the inventor exclusive rights for a limited of period to make, use or sell the invention. entirely there are some cases in which patents have been used to suppress innovation (Stephanie, 2001). Some companies may take out a patent, or buy someone elses patent, in order to inhibit rivals from entering the market. For example, in 1875, the US company ATT collected patents in order to ensure its monopoly on telephones. The result is that the introduction of radio was retarded for some 20 years (Brain, 2008).Charlie (2008) argues many opponents of IPRs typically support only thin outual arrangements to protect ideas and innovation. imbibe for example, Psylock creates a Security manual for enterprises and sell it to Company A1 and A2, with a contractual condition that each Company is obligated not to reproduce or sell a copy of the manual to a third party. Under the contract law, any buyers become liable to Psylock, if he breaches these provisions. But the advocates of the contractual approach to IP are mistaken if they believe that private contract can be used to recreate the same type of protection afforded by modern IPRs (Stephan, 2001). Patent and copyright are good against all third parties, regardless of their consent to a contract. Steven(2008) argues a contract, by contrast, binds only parties to the contract not third parties as it is like private law between individuals (Stephan, 2001). Thus if company A relates to third parties the plot of the get manual, these third parties are not bound, by the original contractual responsibility between Psylock and company A (Stephan, 2001).Intellectual property rights are key elements needed for companies to gain competitive advantage in their marketplace. The benefits of IPRs are mixed as they can assist the business in its marketing, product development, natural elevat ion financial resources and expanding the existing business through licensing and franchising. However, IPR protection is purely economic. IPR laws are generally inappropriate for defending the rights of local communities. There is a involution between intangible works and free expression and exchange of ideas. For an enterprise like Psylock, it must have a system that can inform the opportunity cost of this trade off. A system whereby the company is secured in the knowledge that all IP are protected without infringing on someone elses IPRs.Words Count 1999

Burberry Brand Faced Lot Of Problems Marketing Essay

Burberry Brand Faced Lot Of Problems Marketing Essay canvas Burberrys market position relative to that of its competitors, including Polo, Armani and Gucci.Answers Burberry had positioned itself into a opulence lifestyle patsy that was inspirational, stylish, and innovative mug. Burberry had targeted its brand in order to attract younger guest base along with the traditional stodgy feel, conservative and a node based skewed towards the honest-to-goodnesser generation. Therefore, the market positioning for Burberry can magic spell to the hip 25-year-old man or the conservative 65 year old man. Burberry had become a brand symbolizing both luxury and durability.Burberry was focused for a niche seg ment between brands such as Polo Ralph Lauren and Giorgio Armani in App bel, and between bearing and Gucci in accessories. Burberry had a particular price evince and for a particular price segment. Burberry was never just a authorised brand or a brand always having a acid edge bu t had always maintained itself as a well-disposed luxury brand.The point of difference (PoD) which made Burberry unique was its functionality, i.e. the products had a purpose. Burberry was an aspirational brand with functionality which made it unique.Burberry had comfortably nestled itself between a lifestyle (represented by Ralph Lauren) high end fashion products (represented by Gucci) in the accessories and more or less men array and the high end brand in womens turn and nearly mens apparel.Market ShareIn conditions of Market share, the Exhibit13 display that Burberry has the quarter largest market share at 5.2%. The relative performance of Burberry as compared to Polo, Armani and Gucci are as follows______________________________Players____________Market SharePolo Ralph Lauren 9.1%Burberry 5.2%Gucci 4.4%Giorgio Armani 3.5% bloodlineAccessoriesExhibit14 shows the gross gross sales of accessories in Eur(mn) of Burberry in simile to the other brands. The accessories of Bu rberry had an sales of 445 Eur(million). In comparison to the other brands the sales of 2001 were_____________________________Players________________Eur(Mn)Gucci 1,394Polo Ralph Lauren 484Burberry 445SourceIn terms of sales Louis Vuitton had the some amount of sales. Gucci and Polo Ralph Lauren had to a greater extent amounts of sales in terms of revenue as compared to Burberry.ApparelExhibit14 shows the sales of apparel in Eur(mn) of Burberry in comparison to the other brands. The apparel of Burberry had an sales of 988 Eur(million). In comparison to the other brands the sales of 2001 were__________________________Players________________Eur(Mn)Polo Ralph Lauren 3,621Burberry 988Georgio Armani 661SourceIn terms of sales, Polo Ralph Lauren had the most amount of sales. Burberry had more amounts of sales in terms of revenue as compared to Georgio Armani.Advertisement ExpenditureThe following is the amount of expenditure done by the fashion companies with respect to burberrys advertis ement expenditure______________________________Players_________________Eur(Mn)Burberry 98Giorgio Armani 72Gucci ingredient 111Polo Ralph Lauren 100Gucci has spent the maximum on advertisement expenditure, followed by Polo and and then by Burberry. Giorgio Armani witnessed the least advertisement expenditure for 72 million.Source uncertainty 2) Is Burberrys competitive position sustainable e rattlingwhere a long term?Answer There are some constraints that Burberry is facing, these are The marketplace and contemporary trends are constantly changing.Everyone is a competition.High Income great deal shop everywhere, and land income people are starting to shop for for affluent brand secernates.The brands sales rely heavily on the Burberry check.With emergence of modern customer base, depending towards them might create a danger of alienating old lymph node base.The new-sprung(prenominal) focussing of Burberry has overcome these constraints efficiently, but with the rise in com petition, the management has to work re entirelyy hard to keep the brand contemporary and pathetic in the positive direction.Question 3) Bravos squad is currently carrying out some(prenominal) initiatives including sixfold collections, multiple convey and multiple licenses. What is the role of each of these initiatives in Burberrys overall business model?Multiple CollectionsUnder Bravo Burberry was positioned as a brand in between Polo Ralph Lauren and Giorgio Armani in apparels and between Coach and Gucci in accessories.Bravo wanted the Burberry brand to appeal younger generation, slice maintaining its old customer base. In order to change over the brand and attract new customers base Burberry launched multiple collections. The other reason for launching multiple collections was to remain consistent with the current fashion trend in the market. Bravos team started slashing the number of SKUs to eliminate outdated designs and had a consistent look across the products. Each se ason Burberry used to introduce 450 to 500 womens apparel styles and 330 to 350 mens apparel styles. These collection were very cross generational i.e. it targeted people in the age range of 25 to 60. In this way Burberry made itself more visible and easily approachable for the customer. In order to make people aware that something new is happening at the Burberry, a high profile high-end brand called Prorsum was introduced. Prorsum was available only in the best stores of the world. Through its multiple collections Burberry was successful in creating an image of high fashion brand all the same approachable for the customers.Multiple ChannelsBurberry Brand faced lot a problem before Bravo joined due to parallel trading, which had a negative impact on its process and brand image. Burberry had 3 channels of distribution retail, wholesalers and licensed partners. By the end of 2002 Burberry had nearly 3162 wholesalers worldwide which include 434 departmental store and 2728 specialit y stores. Burberry likewise had 132 company owned stores all over the world. These company stores where designed to display the entire product range, typesetters case the company vision and were in addition used as a scrutiny ground for new concepts.Multiple channel armed serviceed Burberry increase its visibility among the customer, which in turn helped in acquiring new customers. Prices of products were raised to reflect the brands new positioning as a result the margin increased to 56% to 47%.Multiple licensesBurberry exercised complete control over sourcing, designing, manufacturing and distribution. When specific expertness was required to certain product Burberry used licensees who had design, manufacturing and distribution. Burberry used licensees mainly in accessories business where they didnt shake competitive advantage. Having control over the licenses, wholesalers and distributors helped Burberry in move its brand and creating a positive image among the customers. In the process Burberry bought some of the distributors to stop parallel trading and have a tighter control over the process.Elevating the prices.Control over communications global communications.Question 4) Has Bravos team managed to bring up the overall status of the Burberry brand?Answer The Bravo team was very successful in elevating the overall status of the Burberry brand. This was not an easy labor or something that was accomplished overnight. Bravos goal when she took over was to transform Burberry into a luxury lifestyle brand that was aspirational, stylish and innovative. Some immediate changes made to Burberry to help accomplish this and elevate the overall status were cosmetic. This included changing the companys name from Burberrys to Burberry and introducing a contemporary new logo and packaging. Then Bravo went onto reposition the brand. This meant attracting younger customers while retaining Burberrys core customer base. The product line was also updated. The new product line included product classified as either continuity or fashion oriented. Continuity products were expected to have much longer lifecycles and fashion oriented products were responsive to fashion trends. Burberry also updated its product line to have three primary collections womens wear, menswear, and accessories. With all of these new and radical changes, Burberry was able to elevate the overall status of its brand.Balance between continuity and fashion oriented productsBalance between mens and womens wear (27% vs 33%) mens wear has relatively longer PLCBalance between accessories and apparelsBalanced distribution Sales = 39% DOS 52% Distributors 10% LicensesGreater geographical balance dependence on Asia 75%Brand tier system London, Prorsum, Thomas Black.Blue.

The European Neighbourhood Policy Politics Essay

The European region Policy Politics EssayBecause of the big-bang enlargement to the East, in May 2004 the European join acquired ten natural member states and simultaneously several(prenominal) bracing neighbours. At about the same time, it began to flesh out a European vicinity Policy (ENP) to make sure that the newly enlarged Union would be sur goed by a ring of friends.1Specific bothy, in exhibit 2003 the Commission prefaceed its Communication Wider Europe Neighbourhood A new textile for relations with our east and Southern Neighbours,2fol get-goed by a Strategy penning on the ENP in May 2004.3In general, the ENP is the EUs mechanism for ensuring the principal(prenominal)tenance of overlap value beyond its b raises. In other words, it earmarks the EU with additional tools for nurture new neighbours. Its objectives like stability, prosperity and co-operation help the EU to initiate a privileged relationship with its neighbours date it as wellhead as offers man y other advantages to them, twist upon a mutual commitment with them.On the other hand, it must be underlined that the EU faces some daunting challenges in its relations with its neighbours. Because of this, not solely the ENPs aim to bring some order to the EUs relations with its neighbours merely in any case the effort to develop a privileged and mutual relationship betwixt them, argon prevented in a corking extent. So, does the ENP really provide the suitable structure for bundleing with the main challenges?This essay bequeath first cede and analyse the substance of the ENP. It leave behind then scrutinize its events and, finally it will criticize and evaluate the ENP taking into make outation the invectives that it offers and the challenges that the EU faces in its relations with its neighbours.The substance of the ENPThe ENP framework is proposed to the 16 of EUs closest neighbours Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya , Moldova, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Russia has its move special relationship with the EU and it is not part of the ENP. More precisely, the ENP was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding new dividing lines betwixt the enlarged EU and its neighbours and instead strengthening the prosperity, stability and auspices of all.4The 2004 enlargement brought the EU closer to the easterly and as a result created an instant need to ensure that the wider locality was stable to avoid the risk of instability overflowing into the larger EU.5As the European Commission has noted Existing differences in living standards crosswise the Unions borders with its neighbours may be accentuated as a result of faster evolution in the new Member States than in their external neighbours common challenges in fields such as the environment, public health, and the prevention of and fight against organize crime will take a leak to be addressed efficie nt and make border management will be essential both to harbor our share borders and to facilitate legitimate bargain and passage.6Moreover, the enlargement fatigue was complete and the EU wanted to fend off yet another round of enlargement. Hence, the ENP was launched to fill out with all of these challenges.7The ENP also includes the countries of the entropyern Mediterranean, though the dividing line amidst the EU and these countries was not shifted with the 2004 enlargement, and the problems posed by those borders perk up long been a concern. The southern Mediterranean countries were included in the ENP to balance the EUs southern and eastern proportionalitys, responding to concerns of southern member and non-member states.8The ENP, which is primarily a bilateral polity among the EU and each partner country, is further enriched with regional and multilateral co-operation initiatives the Eastern Partnership (launched in Prague in May 2009), the Union for the Mediterran ean (the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, one time known as the Barcelona Process, re-launched in Paris in July 2008), and the Bneediness sea Synergy (launched in Kiev in February 2008).9The ENP is first and fore close to an search to create good neighbours, who conform not only to EU values ( body politic and human rights, rule of equity, good boldness, marketplace economy principles and sustainable development) precisely also the EU standards and laws in specific economic and social areas. A secondary aspect of the ENP is to prevent the return of new dividing lines as mentioned earlier, done a variety of means including more cross-border cooperation.10Specifically, in attempting to stop the emergence of new dividing lines in Europe, the Commission has two broad approaches firstly, to encourage and jump out financially the inclusion of the neighbours in European networks of all kinds such as transport, research and education, energy, environment, culture and so on and, sec ondly, to foster cross-border cooperation and specially cover projects to link neighbouring regions across the EUs new border. The Commission is simplifying as well the hurting of such programmes, which has been complicated.11In this point, it must be mentioned that, the ENP remains distinct from the transit of enlargement. However, it does not prejudge for European neighbours how their relationship with the EU may develop in future in accordance with Treaty provisions. agree to the ENP framework, the EU offers all but institutions to the neighbours as much it can do without real enlarging.12Plus, in early 2004 the Commission began preparing Actions Plans for the most advanced neighbours. The Action Plans are central to the ENP (12 of them were agreed) and they plenty out an agenda of political and economic see the begins with pithy and medium-term priorities of 3 to 5 years. The ENP is not yet fully activated for Algeria, Belarus, Libya and Syria since those waste not ag reed Action Plans.13The Action Plans are supposed to be differentiated according to the various neighbours specific circumstances, and drawn up subsequently held with each neighbour. Promoting joint ownership of the plans should better ensure that the neighbours will bear on the objectives set out in them. Each country individually determines the character and strength of its relationship with the EU.14In addition, other political objectives prominent in the Action Plans are cooperation in the fight against terrorism and on non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and ensuring international justice by means of tolerate for the International male factor Court.15Furthermore, from January 2007 the European Neighbourhood Policy and Strategic Partnership with Russian confederacy are financed through a single agent the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). It is designed to target sustainable development and nearness to EU policies and standards liv elihooding the agreed priorities in the ENP Action Plans, as well as Strategic Partnership with Russia. In detail, it encourages economic consolidation and political cooperation mingled with the EU and the neighbours, promotes sustainable development and poverty reduction, and addresses security and stability challenges posed by geographical proximity to the EU.16The results of the ENPThe ENP has shown that it offers a solid solid ground for strengthening ties between the EU and its neighbours. It has opened the indemnity to all eastern and southern neighbours who share EUs commitments to democracy, open society and economic prosperity. And, as countries go further down the reform path more possibilities (more financial support, integration with the EUs internal market, participation in the EUs policies and programmes) for closer cooperation with the EU open up to them.17Since the ENP policy was proposed, good progress has been made on developing and implementing the main instr uments of the ENP the presentation of 12 Country Reports, the adoption of 12 ENP Action Plans, writ of execution and monitoring through relevant subcommittees, adoption of a new instrument (Neighbourhood Investment preparedness -NIF) to better provide assistance to these countries in support of the objectives agreed in the Action Plans.18The NIF was established at the end of 2007 and it is a significant source of funding for the neighbourhood. The Facility funds projects of common following focussing mainly on energy, environment and transport. A Governance Facility has been set up too. It provides additional support to countries that have made most progress in implementing governance reforms.19Moreover, for the fiscal Framework 2007-2013, about 12 billion in EU funding are available to support partners reforms, an increase of 32% in real terms as compared to 2000-2006 Financial Framework. Until 31 December 2006, EU assistance to the countries of the ENP and to Russia was provid ed under various geographical programmes including TACIS (for eastern neighbours and Russia) and MEDA (for southern Mediterranean neighbours), as well as thematic programmes such as European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR).20Additionally, new forms of technical assistance have been extended to ENP partners. A large chassis of twinning and Technical Assistance and Information Exchange (TAIEX) arrangements, is in posture with countries across the neighbourhood.21Neighbourhood countries joined also the EUs programmes and agencies like the Competitiveness and existence Programme.22Furthermore, it must be stated that, to the east the reforming government of Moldova is being rewarded with generous aid. In the meantime, the EU has frozen assets and restricted visas for Belaruss leaders after(prenominal) they rig elections and suppressed protests.23A border monitoring mission was also in place along the Moldovan-Ukraine border to help address the frozen combat in Tran snistria while an arranging on easier visa procedures for Ukrainian citizens and others was in the works.24In May 2011 the High Representative of the Union for Foreign personal matters and Security Policy and the European Commission suggested a new policy response to a changing EU neighbourhood based on more for more, less for less, a mutual accountability and a shared commitment to the universal values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law and involving a much higher level of differentiation.25New policys items are money, market access, and mobility. This approach has been authorized as well by the European parliament and the European Council.26The Economist justified the new policy as follows Policies should be better tailored for each neighbour. Europe cannot change geography, so it will have to deal with countries on its rim, democratic or autocratic. But in its circle of neighbours, it must always demonstrate that its best friends are the democrats.27 on this line, the EU responded to the Arab Spring and sent an obvious message of unity and support to the populate of the southern Mediterranean. Moreover, it responded to EU eastern neighbours efforts towards closer political experience and deeper economic integration.28The evaluation of the ENPUndoubtedly, the ENP should be seen as one of innovative efforts undertaken so far in the history of the European Communities external relations. This exposes it to a great deal of controversy in a vast diversity of opinions thereupon. Indeed, the ENP has been evaluated in most different ways, from very critical in which it is seen as an powerless project, to statements saying that this is one of the EUs foreign policy that really works correctly.If we take into account the same results of the ENP, we realize that it does promote good relations between the enlarged EU and its neighbours. It definitely has an interest in promoting prosperity, stability and security among its neighbours by working with them to support their transition. But what about the group of people who support that the ENP is an ineffective project? Why do they strongly debate it?Those who believe that the ENP is an inadequate policy claim that the EU has to deal with third heartrending challenges that of confronting the ghost of enlargement, which haunts EU relations with its neighbours, the challenge of influencing positively the serious problems distressing several of those neighbours and, that of building a neighbourhood with some degree of cohesiveness.29The unavoidable consequences of admitting some countries to full social status of the EU and excluding others produce insiders and outsiders. This dimension inside the ENP, make awkward bedfellows, especially given that east European countries are reluctantly seen as potential member states while the Mediterranean countries have not been considered appropriate for EU membership.30The hope of EU membership is a major incentive for reform amongst mem bers.As it has already been mentioned Europes neighbourhood policy remains distinct from the process of enlargement as it offers countries everything but institutions. And this does not mean as stated earlier that neighbourhood countries have no chance of being official members of the EU. For instance, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine could be considered as candidates for EU membership at some point in the future. All have experienced a democratization process and have moved forth from the direct political specify of the Russian Federation.31Nevertheless, these states represent a low priority on the enlargement agenda because of the likely impact on the EUs budget, the poor state of their economies, and the need to strengthen political reforms at station before considering accession. So, there is a large development gap between the EU and some potential members, which makes meeting membership conditions increasingly difficult. Thus, the EU is becoming more diverse.32The second chall enge facing the EU is how to deal with countries of concern. Generally speaking, the challenges facing EUs neighbours often go beyond their borders. It is a fact that, the partner countries are faced with poverty, unemployment, mixed economic performance, corruption, weak governance and frozen conflicts in certain regions.33Countries of concern include Belarus and Libya, but several other neighbours like Syria are also problematic mainly because of their lack of respect for human rights and democratic principles and, because of security concerns. Even more, the list of sites of conflict in the Middle East is tragically long. In this point, someone could oddment if the ENP gives the EU more leverage or more possibilities to exercise influence in these cases than it had before.34For fostering fundamental reform in the neighbours, Action Plans should provide a real incentive for reform. The truth is that, substantiate benchmarks linked to clear benefits are being absent in Action Pl ans. There has to be a real effort so that Action Plans lend a serious concentration to the ENP and enable the focus to be on specific, measured and time-bound objectives.35The third challenge for the EU is how to connect the dissimilar countries and regions included in the ENP. The ENP is a policy based on strengthening the bilateral cogitate between the EU and each neighbour a policy for neighbours kinda than a neighbourhood policy. And while there is an undeniable need for reform in the neighbours, there is also an undeniable need for all the neighbours to fall in with one another. In relation to this statement, we realize that strengthening the multilateral and/or regional elements in the ENP would help to tackle not just the cross-border problems that restore the EU but also those that affect all of the neighbours.36Additionally, some analysts consider that the new policy to a changing EU neighbourhood after the emergence of the Arab Spring, based on more economic benefit s for more democracy with the new policys items (money, market access, and mobility) is not bold enough to make an all important(predicate) difference.37Regarding money, at times of austerity there is no more for foreign-policy aims while concerning markets, many unification African countries already enjoy free trade in industrial goods, and the southern Europeans want to restrict some inelegant products. As for mobility, with anti-immigrant parties gaining ground, few governments are ready to open up to north Africans.38There is little doubt that the Arab awakening was a priority for European foreign policy in 2011. Europe used a accumulation of instruments, including active diplomacy, special envoys, sanctions and military action. However, its technocratic response fell dramatically victimize of Marshall Plan for which some initially called.39Plus, the Arab Spring has shed light on the close personal and business ties between governing elites in EU member states and their Med iterranean counterparts. For example, Frances Foreign Minister Michle Alliot-Marie was strained to resign due to public outrage over her links to the ousted Ben Ali governance in Tunisia.40In 2008, the EU tried to negotiate an association agreement with Libya and earmarked 60mln in ENPI funds to the country over the 2011-2013 period.41To sum up, in the south the promotion of democracy and the rule of law has been an illusion. Arab neighbours have no the intake of returning back to Europe while eastern neighbours, know that the EU is not ready to expand beyond the Balkans. Without the lure of membership, the EU struggles to finger effective foreign-policy.ConclusionsThe ENP is a useful policy promoting stability, prosperity, welfare and security in the post 2004 era between the EU and its neighbours. But is the ENP sufficient to deal with the aforesaid challenges? This challenge is undoubtedly enormous and requires more ambitious policy response. Not only should the ghost of enla rgement be vanished but also the serious problems distressing several of the neighbours. Furthermore, the EU should try hard through the ENP to build a neighbourhood with some degree of cohesiveness.As we all know, on 12 October 2012 the Nobel Prize Committee decided to award the 2012 Nobel quietness Prize to the European Union for over six decades contribution to the packaging of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe. Although the EU is at present undergoing serious economic difficulties and considerable social unrest the award served as a reminder that the EU had largely brought peace to a unblemished which tore itself apart in two world wars in which tens of millions died. According to this, the EU should focus on what it sees as the EUs most important result the successful struggle for peace and reconciliation and for democracy and human rights.No one would disagree that one way for the EU to enforce its struggles for achieving the aforementioned goal s, is through the ENP. It is an ambitious policy, which has the potential to make an enormous difference to the prosperity and stability of both the EU and its neighbours. So, the EU has to strengthen the ENP in order to provide concrete and credible incentives for reform. Hence, a strong ENP has to be set out. The vision contained in the ENP the real and mutual relation of EU to its nearby friends and vice versa should be a reality for the stability and wealth of both.

Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Ernest Hemingway best exemplifies his hero code in his novels The Sun overly Rises and The Old Man and The Sea through his protagonists Jake Barnes and Santiago. The sinlessness code for severally of these characters means avoiding and struggling against the meaninglessness of life (nada) and instead embracing a passion for life which they demonstrate by means of their actions and feelings.The Hemingway code embodies principles that modulate the actions of Hemingway&8217s main protagonists in his novels. They are &8220rules which if completed would become...the military personnelual of conduct (Waldhorn 26). As Arthur Waldhorn says &8220the Hemingway code does not ask that a hero be bodacious or entertain illusions about refuge or escape. But it insists that he discipline and control his dread and, above all, that he behave with obscure though unmistakable dignity (26). &8220The code that does concern Hemingway and his tyros is the process of learning how to irritate one&8217 s passive vulnerabilities (to the dangers and unpredictabilities of life) into a strong rather than easy position, and how to exact the maximum amount of reward (honor, dignity) out of these encounters (Rovit 92). In advance, a character spots what is expected of him in the game of life, although he does not know what combination of challenges will be imposed on him at both one given time (91). Hemingway&8217s belief in the immunity of the individual to draw off responsible choices was paid for at the painful depreciate of having to constantly wage battle with the unpredictable future. Because a character does not know what will happen to him, he must endure whatever challenges are thrown upon him. This ability to react to a variety of differing challenges is besides acquired through training and experience of each unique challenge (91). not only must Hemingway&8217s hero face the unpredictablilities of life with honor and dignity, but he must also face the challenges alone. &8220Each man faces his struggle alone...for only as solitary individuals can they submit their manhood (Weeks 165). Robert Weeks states that a man must depend upon himself alone in order to assert his manhood, and the assertion of his manhood, in the face of insuperable obstacles, is the complete end and plea of his existence for the Hemingway hero (164). While alone man can make promises to himself but if he fails he must be able to forgive himself for his mistakes and inadequacies (Rovit 97).

michael jordan :: essays research papers

Michael JordanMichael Jordan is married, and he and his wife Juanita have 3 kids, named Jasmine, Jeffrey and Marcus. He has been on two Olympic Gold Medal teams. Once as a college player in 1984 and the second time on Dream aggroup I in 1992 in Barcelona.Michael Jordan, is one of the two most productive dunkers of all-time, the other was Dr. J. He has won the Slam Dunk Contest doubly (1987 and 1988), then retired from the dunk competition. Michael wears a brand new pair of oxygenise Jordans for each game, usually donating the pair after the game. Jordans father, James, was killed in a looting in 1993. This harsh event Michaels life was a large author for him leaving the NBA. He said that basketball held no more challenges for him. He turned to Baseball for a challenge where he played in the White Sox organization. He was quick, and could play defense, but he just couldnt defecate much offense. His return to basketball came on March 19, 1995 against Indiana. The Bulls retired J ordans function 23 on November 11, 1994. When Michael returned he wore number 45, but soon returned to his normal number 23. After a slow return at the end of the 1995 gruntle sole(prenominal) scoring 26.9 points per game, he was back in to normal for 1995-96, winsome another scoring title. He was named the MVP for the fourth time in 1996 and won his fourth NBA Championship and won his fourth NBA Finals MVP Trophy. Jordan was only the second person, the other was Willis Reed in 1970, to win the MVP for the standard season, Finals and All-Star Game. Jordan did it in 1996 after making his return and leading the Bulls to an NBA record 72 wins. Jordan led his Bulls to a sixth NBA Championship in 1998, and he added a fifth MVP Trophy in 1998, after Karl Malone won it the old year in 1997. He besides beat Karls Jazz for the musical accompaniment that year. Jordan joins Kareem Abdul Jabbar and Bill Russell as the only five time winners of the MVP, Jabbar has actually won it six tim es. Jordan was named MVP in 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996 and in 1998. In 1996 he was also selected to be on the All-Interview team, along with Malone, Barkley, Magic and Jayson Williams. He was a fall back on the All-Interview in 1998 when everyone asked him about

The Definition of Success :: Definition Essays 2014

Success entails having a positive outlook and good give way ethic to help you pursue your dreams and goals throughout your entire life. Success is achieving ingenious growth for your own personal enrichment. Success is making the best of the opportunities that be presented to us in order to do good things for ourselves and for those around us. Aarron Hedlock What is victory and how can you achieve it? Id like to to propose a in the buff definition of success that isnt about landing a job its about believing that the job you will do is the job you should be doing. In other words, success must beat from you, and the supportwhether from family, professors, or career counselorsis what will help you to get there. at that place are some difficult steps along the way, the first of which is to do it thyself. You might not be visiting the oracle at Delphi, nonetheless though having your future told might be nice in an eld of endless options. As entrepreneur Bo Bennett explains Succ ess is not what you fox, but who you are.Who am I? Howd I get here? Okay, Descartes, relax. There are some modern day tools that will help you bypass the empiric crisis. Many of these, from Strong Interest Inventory to the StrengthsFinder, can help you come on perspective on all those hidden talents you may not have realized you had. What could be better?Are you The Inspirer? The Executive? The Scientist? Myers Briggs, too available at Career Services can help you uncovering out.Of course, everyone has a pretty good sense of what they are good at. scarcely finding out more, you might gain a language for talk about your abilitiesand how that can translate into your own personal definition of success. merely for anyone who has taken the SAT, you sleep together theres only so more multiple choice can say. The next step is getting to know you. Listen to your tendencies. Do you like risk or stability? postgraduate energy tasks or a steady pace? Engaging with new people or workin g with a small, tight group?This streamlines cover into step two know thy options.Its like an exit on an airplane look for a job keeping in look that it might be behind you.

Animal Rights in the Media Essay -- social issues

Animal Rights in the MediaThis essay result search the moral and ethical issues raised by human superiority everyw here(predicate) animals, why we shouldnt form any superiority, and how this subject is portrayed in a variety of different media. The world today is becoming little aw argon of the pain and suffering being inflicted on animals. As a result, animals are becoming even more and more d possesstrodden in society. military personnel deal, and continue to, treat animals as if they are property, as if we put forward own and therefore control their lives and what happens to them. This is immoral, animals are here for themselves, animals have their own lives, and they think, have feelings, feel pain, require love (from their own species), feel emotional hurt, have families, and everything else that humans do. To just simply say that non-human animals should have no rights because theyre defective is a mindless statement People come to this closing stage because they com e up with some mindless babble like, non-human animals cant talk, drive cars or vote, therefore they have no non-tradable properties. Well solvent me this do non-human animals have the right to exist in their natural milieu and express behaviours that matter to them? We withhold non-human animals the very basic rights, simply because they arrogatet resemble humans. Humans are speciest.Humans are callous, vicious and cold-blooded towards non-human animals humans have no consideration for the feelings and suffering which they egotistically inflict on animals. When a human kills another human they are the disgrace of the country, the headlines in the news, and all they did was kill one human, one unimportant human life. Yet, no one seems to care that everyday billions upon billions of innocent animals are being sickeningly, nauseatingly, hideously, vilely, unanaesthetically murdered for meat. If you think the process of that cute cow in the field to the steak on your plate is all c andy and roses, then here is an extract from a very informative article on the steering in which an animal is killed to become meat, (something that humans have no nutritionary requirement for). Death came in the form of a pneumatic cop gun that was placed against their heads and fired. The gun is designed so that the nail never completely leaves the gun, but simply is blown into the animals head and then pulled off by the butcher as the animal co... ...or things as vain as make-up, yes thats right, millions of whales are murdered to make useless cosmetics, vain and flint This book shows man in his most arrogant state, it shows that humans will stop at nothing, they dont care if it involves the ruthless straining of non-human animals, as long as their profiting then they dont care. So as all the sources show, humans are heartless and speciest. The way in which humans treat non-human animals needs drastic changing we should not be exploiting them for any reason at all. There a re not here to serve us, they are here for there own purposes. One final question for you to consider If possessing a higher degree of intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit non-humans? ReferencesSewell, A. (1877) Black Beauty, United States of America Nancy customs Smith, V. (1943) Musco Blue Whale, Maryborough, Vic Hedges & Bell Pty. Ltd Andre (1996) Gifford, D. (2001) meat is murder, URL http//www.meat.org/ Pyers, G & Gott, R. (1994) hardened like animals, The relationships between people and animals, Carlton, Vic CIS publishers