Counsello

Kenya connective of Professional Counsellors School of management Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES please fill in in whole details and attach to every grant you complete. Students NameDorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission 30th October 2009 duty assignment (please tick appropriate box)1 2 mental faculty 1Exploration in way Module 2 Understanding in Counselling Module 3 Integration in Counselling Module 4 PracticumVideo valuationModule 5 Research Methods Module 6 Dissertation style of Assignment The Appropriateness of some atomic number 53 centered Approach in sub-Saharan Africa Comments (please tick appropriate box) First Internal Examiner Second foreign ExaminerSecond Internal Examiner External Examiner Recommended ResultPercentage train (MA/PG Dip) Name of ExaminerElias Gikundi SignedDate TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLEPage nary(prenominal) Introduction2 What is mortal centred Approach3 View of Human constitution3 Congruence5Unconditional Positive Regard6 Empathic Underst anding6 Concepts clear in person- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred speak to9 Effectiveness of psyche Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in many a(prenominal) sub- Saharan Afri canful countries and also the fact that in that respect atomic number 18 many advocate access codees which are use it has even pop off more confusing for muckle to understand.But due to different experiences we fount in African countries like tribal clashes, finis deflections, Poverty, political instability, racism, unemployment, forgiving immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and many new(prenominal)s counselling was introduced from the western culture to provide mend to the affected and infected people, and thus person centred attempt was adopted because it helps gage with undivided bank line upings, which would help the readjust back to the surrounding both literally and psychologically. so ul centred approach is ace among the an otherwise(a)(prenominal) counselling approaches used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well kn take in in sub Saharan African.In this paper, I am freeing to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred approach in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan model. In summing up I shall give my conclusion on what I think or savor close the topic am writing about. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? individual centred approach championed by Carl Rogers in the 1930s and 1940s. This approach assist lymph glands to go steady out to their scentings and versed voices and in doing so lymph glands can learn to do break-dance in their own, (Nelson, 2001).Since we are aware what it is all about then the forefront is how does it look at merciful universes? VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Rogers (1961) says that person centred approach popular opinion human worlds as having the ability to steer the course of their represents, if offered in a consanguinity the meat conditions. Rogers (1967) also states that to be egotism-importance which one is truly is, is more than an attain sufficient goal of person centred therapy, only if a key aspect in the outgrowth of becoming a fully functioning person.I do agree with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a client to talk about others scarcely brings the client to self and dealing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach human nature is attribute one acrossn as basically companionable so that human beings are by nature protective, caring, compassionate and understanding towards apiece other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults points in the identical direction as does the inmate capacity to think imaginatively the experience of others.According to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the belief that all human beings cast within them the innate capa city to grow towards their own fantastic fulfilment (or to move towards self authenticisation). I personally feel that despite all cultural impact on us, environmental factors and set that are being imposed on us, we relieve shake the choose towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of growth, and because whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is right and wrong for us but not others.Rogers (1951) dialectes that an accurate concept of self is crucial for healthy ascendment, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of reality and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the aim of life as it is called by Rogers to be that self which one is truly is has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to date individuals are still wrestling with the very concept of being sure(p) to self.Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of freedom, choice, take accounts, personal right, autonomy, purpose and meaning. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual development, in some sub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is run acrossn as egotistic and importance is cultural appreciate of the common correct to individuals.If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is important for the healer to be seeable in terms of their rate system or African view beliefs and standing in the community. This allows therapists to be clear in and about their notificationship with clients and offers the client the safety that the therapist is not a detached outdoor(a) or mystical figure but an accountable member of the community. psyche centred approach is perhaps the only theory to take predominately a good animal view of human nature.For Rogers the actual tendency in humans is confi rmative and it only be enter negative to the extent that it is blocked and foil by environmental factors. While going through the view of human nature by person centred theory I realised that in that location are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise Green (2002) suggests that the forepart of core conditions in the therapeutic relationship can set in train a directional process towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? CongruenceRogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are open to him, available to his in makeness and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their own culture and themselves in relation to it and indeed to the world. Congruence modifys a therapist to come to terms with their position in soci ety and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is efficacious in a session because it brings about trust in a helping relationship.I chip in come to realise that being sure does not demand that I be rigidly lucid but be dependably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my experience in counselling I stand come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are forty two tribes with different culture, but still it ordain not hinder the therapist to be congruent because a client only needs trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can overreach honest retort from a counsellor.Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its roots and equivalence in other cultural traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, active surrender ( Purton, 1994) . Unconditional positive regard. Rogers describe this condition diversely as unconditional acceptance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we have a need for unconditional positive regard and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959).Unconditional positive regard is important because it directly sabotages much(prenominal) conditions of worth the counsellor values her client irrespective of the client conforming to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their present culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture especially if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and developing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in developing perspectives on unconditional positive regard, then we need to necessitate regard for self, others and culture itself.Empathic understanding Empathic understandings R ogers mostly referred to it is to thought the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the as if quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the as if condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be understood as the stressing of the necessity of being continuously aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is trying to live into, do originate in the client and not in the therapist. (Vanderschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to value what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels easy because it involves stepping out of your own vagabond works and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones culture through their look rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to Dardenne et al. (1989) powerful person centred counsellors are people who de monstrate the essential qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients.Counsellors do by their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical ways in which this can be achieved across any cultural divide. I do find it rather easy and flowing when all those qualities mentioned above are utilise in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. someone centred is a actor of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate process for people who are merely wishing to have reading experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems set about many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need education to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which provides education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel pull up stakes enable them get out of the problems they are facing but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred therapy patently does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their life history and wanting to flip-flop that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to nourish themselves when clients attack them. I feel that this is highly vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly damaged their experience in life, they tend to relieve their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors.The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and therefore the level of acceptance needs to be sufficiently robust to stick up the pain of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even disrespectful and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches start from the assumption that every living organism is driven by an actualising tendency an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacities to the fullest ( actualisation ).Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught(p) with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a unified whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily hooked on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own home(a) experiencing.I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking example of my state of matter Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to leave his basic needs and therefore instead of focussing in how to get out of the situation, he seeks refuge from others and even try to copy their life-style putting at the back of his mind what he is and hence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as others.Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we may have gained an incredible degree of outward success but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the roots and valuing process in serving the social system of capitalistic society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the deeper need to confirm rather than depending on others.Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actualisation where aspects of self and concepts are synonymous or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) st ate is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts item-by-itemly, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred point of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal experience is the highest authority.With all the problems and hardships being experienced in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, drought and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other peoples value in order to gain positive regard. Problems later arise when they view these introjected values as their own. unrivalled goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African reputation highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self away from external value.In other word the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the clients movement from the outer world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is crucial for heal thy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and general disenchantment, hence individuals are in battle with an inner craving for growth and development.Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological merit of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to find out on all the levels, thus enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to express ones unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered so much because of lack of awareness.In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two days ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving humanity and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self.Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach in the first place focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so much value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and Howitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society.The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self thr ough, the harmonious relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward others.An example is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes between two tribes, but afterward the incident the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and reconciliation commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectiveness of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This ap proach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional school of thought have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be root word but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is general and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but with continuities.Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, utilize attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural context. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. Chicago Praegers.Corey, G. (2001). 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